Statistics: Definitions and Variables

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Questions and Answers

In the sentence, 'The sizzling sun scorched the sandy shore, silently stealing strength from sunbathers,' which literary and sound devices are employed? (Select all that apply)

  • Simile
  • Assonance (correct)
  • Apostrophe
  • Understatement
  • Consonance
  • Hyperbole
  • Onomatopoeia
  • Alliteration (correct)
  • Metaphor
  • Personification (correct)
  • Allusion

Examine the phrase: 'Life is but a dream, oh fleeting shadow of time!' Identify the literary devices present. (Select all that apply)

  • Hyperbole
  • Assonance
  • Simile (correct)
  • Consonance
  • Apostrophe (correct)
  • Alliteration
  • Metaphor (correct)
  • Personification
  • Understatement
  • Onomatopoeia
  • Allusion

In the line, 'The moon, a ghostly galleon tossed upon cloudy seas,' which literary devices are most evident? (Select all that apply)

  • Metaphor (correct)
  • Allusion
  • Assonance
  • Personification (correct)
  • Consonance
  • Simile
  • Alliteration
  • Onomatopoeia
  • Hyperbole
  • Apostrophe
  • Understatement

Consider the sentence: 'The old house groaned under the weight of the storm, a symphony of creaks and cracks.' Which devices are used? (Select all that apply)

<p>Metaphor (A), Onomatopoeia (F), Personification (I)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the literary devices used in the following line from a poem: 'Her smile, a lighthouse in the fog of my despair.' (Select all that apply)

<p>Metaphor (J)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the phrase, 'The wind whispered secrets through the trees, sighing softly,' which literary and sound devices are utilized? (Select all that apply)

<p>Personification (F), Onomatopoeia (H)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Analyze the sentence: 'He was so hungry he could eat a horse, but just nibbled on a carrot.' What literary devices are apparent? (Select all that apply)

<p>Hyperbole (A), Understatement (K)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the line, 'The rain danced on the rooftops, a lively jig of nature's rhythm,' which literary devices are evident? (Select all that apply)

<p>Personification (I), Metaphor (J)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Determine which literary devices are used in the sentence: 'The flowers nodded in the breeze, gossiping secrets to each other.' (Select all that apply)

<p>Personification (J)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the sentence, 'The city was a concrete jungle, where dreams withered under neon lights,' which literary devices are employed? (Select all that apply)

<p>Metaphor (I), Personification (K)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the literary devices present in the line: 'The news hit him like a tidal wave, drowning him in sorrow.' (Select all that apply)

<p>Hyperbole (I), Simile (J)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Analyze the sentence: 'Time is a thief, stealing our youth and vitality.' Which literary devices are prominently used? (Select all that apply)

<p>Metaphor (B), Personification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What figure of speech is used in the sentence: 'The silence was so loud, it screamed in my ears.'

<p>Hyperbole (J)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the literary device used in the sentence, 'The politician's speech was longer than the Nile.'

<p>Hyperbole (I)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the sentence: 'The stars winked at me from the night sky,' which literary device is being used?

<p>Personification (G)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of literary device is used in the phrase: 'The buzzing bee flew by.'?

<p>Onomatopoeia (J)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What literary device is employed in the sentence: 'My heart's a stereo beating for you'?

<p>Metaphor (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which literary device is used in the following: 'Talking to the walls won't solve anything.'?

<p>Apostrophe (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which literary device explains the emphasis in, 'I'm so hungry, I could eat a thousand donuts.'?

<p>Hyperbole (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sound device is most evident in, 'The black cat scratched with its claws.'?

<p>Consonance (K)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What literary device is displayed in the quote, 'Truth is like the sun. You can shut it out for a time, but it ain't going away.'?

<p>Simile (H)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of sound device is 'asleep in the deep'?

<p>Assonance (I)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What literary device is used when a car is described as a she?

<p>Personification (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emphasis is being applied to, 'I am trying to teach you the value of understatement.'?

<p>Understatement (J)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the sentence: 'The pen is mightier than the sword', what literary device is being portrayed?

<p>Metaphor (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What figure of speech is used in the proverb “A penny saved is a penny earned”?

<p>Alliteration (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sound device can be found in the following quote, 'If I can stop one heart from breaking, I shall not live in vain”?

<p>Consonance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The skies began to cry is an example of which literary device?

<p>Personification (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What figure of speech is expressed in 'Only the moon saw me crying'?

<p>Personification (K)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of allusion?

<p>She was a modern-day Helen of Troy. (H)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What literary device is displayed in the saying, 'A lie travels around the world while the truth is putting on its boots'?

<p>Personification (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Alliteration

The repetition of the same sounds, usually consonants, at the beginning of words in a sentence or phrase.

Consonance

The repetition of consonant sounds within words or at the end of words in a sentence or phrase.

Assonance

The repetition of vowel sounds within words in a sentence or phrase.

Onomatopoeia

A word that imitates the sound it represents.

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Simile

A comparison between two unlike things using 'like' or 'as'.

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Metaphor

A direct comparison between two unlike things without using 'like' or 'as'.

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Personification

Giving human qualities or actions to non-human things.

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Hyperbole

An obvious and intentional exaggeration, not meant to be taken literally.

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Understatement

The presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is.

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Apostrophe

A figure of speech in which one directly addresses an absent or imaginary person, or some abstraction.

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Allusion

A reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, or work of art.

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Study Notes

Definitions

  • Population: Complete set of individuals or objects sharing a common characteristic.
  • Sample: Subset of the population.
  • Variable: A characteristic measured or observed on each individual/object.
  • Qualitative (Categorical) Variable: Variables that cannot be numerically measured.
    • Nominal: Unordered categories (e.g., eye color).
    • Ordinal: Ordered categories (e.g., satisfaction level).
  • Quantitative (Numerical) Variable: Variables that can be numerically measured.
    • Discrete: Integer values (e.g., number of children).
    • Continuous: Decimal values (e.g., height).

Parameters and Statistics

  • Parameter: Descriptive measure calculated from population data.
  • Statistic: Descriptive measure calculated from sample data.

Measures of Central Tendency

  • Mean: Sum of values divided by the number of values.
    • Population: μ = (∑ xi) / N
    • Sample: x̄ = (∑ xi) / n
  • Median: Value separating the data into two equal halves.
  • Mode: Most frequent value.

Measures of Dispersion

  • Range: Difference between the maximum and minimum values.
  • Variance: Average of the squared differences from the mean.
    • Population: σ² = (∑ (xi - μ)²) / N
    • Sample: s² = (∑ (xi - x̄)²) / (n-1)
  • Standard Deviation: Square root of the variance.
    • Population: σ = √(σ²)
    • Sample: s = √(s²)
  • Coefficient of Variation: Ratio of the standard deviation to the mean, expressed as a percentage.
    • Population: CV = (σ / μ) × 100%
    • Sample: CV = (s / x̄) × 100%

Measures of Position

  • Quartiles: Values that divide the data into four equal parts.
    • Q1: First quartile (25% of data below).
    • Q2: Second quartile (median).
    • Q3: Third quartile (75% of data below).
  • Deciles: Values that divide data into ten equal parts.
  • Percentiles: Values that divide data into one hundred equal parts.

Graphical Representations

  • Bar Chart: For qualitative or discrete quantitative variables.
  • Histogram: For continuous quantitative variables.
  • Boxplot: Graphical representation of quartiles, median, and extreme values.
  • Scatter Plot: Visualizes the relationship between two quantitative variables.

Frequency Tables

  • Absolute Frequency: Number of occurrences of a value.
  • Relative Frequency: Proportion of occurrences of a value.
  • Cumulative Frequency: Sum of absolute or relative frequencies up to a given value.

Bivariate Analysis

  • Covariance: Measures the linear relationship between two variables.
  • Correlation Coefficient: Measures the strength and direction of the linear relationship (varies from -1 to 1).

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