Statistics Chapter 5 - Data and Sampling Methods

A type of research study where researchers manipulate one or more variables to observe their effects on another variable. It's used to determine cause-and-effect relationships.

To ensure a study's results are not influenced by unintended factors, researchers must control the experiment's environment and procedures.

A process used in experimental studies to assign participants randomly to different groups, ensuring similar demographic characteristics across groups.

The process of repeating an experiment with different participants or in different settings to confirm findings and ensure reliability.

When the data collection method or survey design systematically favors certain responses over others, leading to inaccurate findings.

Data expressed in numbers, such as weight or height.

Data placed into categories or groups, such as eye color or favorite foods.

Numerical data that can take on any value within a range, such as height or temperature.

Numerical data that only takes on specific, whole number values, such as the number of siblings.

Categorical data that can be ranked or ordered, such as ratings on a scale of 'poor' to 'excellent'.

Categorical data that cannot be ranked or ordered, such as eye color or flavors.

The entire group of individuals being studied in research.

A smaller, representative selection of individuals chosen from a larger population.

The degree to which samples differ from one another.

A sampling method where every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected.

A sampling method that divides the population into groups based on a characteristic and then randomly selects individuals from each group.

A sampling method that involves selecting individuals from a population at regular intervals.

A sampling method that divides the population into clusters (groups) and then randomly selects a few clusters to survey.

A multi-stage sampling method that involves dividing the population into a hierarchy of groups and randomly selecting individuals at each stage, e.g., schools, classes, students.

Choosing individuals from the population based on their ease of accessibility.

Collecting data without manipulating any variables. Researchers simply observe and make inferences.

An experiment where researchers manipulate one or more variables to see their effect on another variable. A controlled environment.

The group of participants in an experiment who receive the treatment or intervention being studied.

The group of participants in an experiment who do not receive the treatment or intervention. They serve as a comparison point.