Questions and Answers
What is a frequency distribution?
A table that shows classes or intervals of data with a count of the number of entries in each class.
What does frequency (f) represent?
The number of data entries in the class.
How many classes should there be?
Between 5 and 20.
How do you determine the range of a data set?
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What is the formula for determining class width?
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What is the first step in finding class limits?
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What are tally marks used for?
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How do you calculate the midpoint of a class?
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What does relative frequency represent?
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What is cumulative frequency?
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What is a frequency histogram?
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What are class boundaries?
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What is a frequency polygon?
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What is the purpose of a relative frequency histogram?
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What is an ogive?
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What is a stem and leaf plot?
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What is a pie chart?
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How do you find the central angle for a pie chart?
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What is a Pareto chart?
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What are paired data sets?
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What is a time series chart?
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Study Notes
Frequency Distribution
- A frequency distribution is a table organizing data into classes or intervals, displaying counts for each class.
Frequency (f)
- Frequency represents the count of data entries within a specific class.
Number of Classes
- Typically, the number of classes in a frequency distribution ranges from 5 to 20, with lower class limits in the left column and upper class limits in the right.
Determining Range
- The range of a data set is calculated by subtracting the lowest value from the highest value.
Determining Class Width
- Class width is found by dividing the range by the number of classes.
Finding Class Limits
- The first class’s lower limit is set by the minimum data entry; subsequent lower limits are obtained by adding the class width, while the upper limit of the first class is one less than the lower limit of the second class.
Tally Marks
- Tally marks are used to record data entries within the corresponding class row, with total tally marks equating to the class frequency.
Midpoint
- The midpoint of a class is calculated as the average of the lower and upper class limits, remaining spaced by the class width.
Relative Frequency
- Relative frequency indicates the portion or percentage of total data that belongs to a particular class, calculated as class frequency divided by sample size.
Cumulative Frequency
- Cumulative frequency is derived by summing the frequency of a class and all prior classes.
Frequency Histogram
- A frequency histogram is a bar graph that illustrates the frequency distribution, with adjacent bars touching. The horizontal axis represents quantitative data, while the vertical axis measures frequency.
Class Boundaries
- Class boundaries are defined numbers that differentiate classes without creating gaps between them.
Frequency Polygon
- A frequency polygon is a line graph depicting continuous frequency changes, starting and ending on the horizontal axis and connecting points based on class midpoints.
Relative Frequency Histogram
- Similar in shape to a regular histogram, a relative frequency histogram measures relative frequencies on the vertical axis.
Cumulative Frequency Graph (Ogive)
- An ogive displays cumulative frequency against upper class boundaries, using a line graph format.
Constructing an Ogive
- An ogive starts at the lower boundary of the first class with zero cumulative frequency and ends at the upper boundary of the last class, equating to the total sample size.
Stem and Leaf Plot
- A stem and leaf plot separates numbers into a stem (leading digit(s)) and a leaf (trailing digit).
Dot Plot
- A dot plot represents each data entry as a point plotted on a horizontal axis.
Pie Chart
- A pie chart divides a circle into sectors that represent categories, with sector area proportional to each category’s frequency, applicable to qualitative data.
Finding Central Angle for Pie Chart
- The central angle for any category is calculated by multiplying 360 by that category's relative frequency.
Pareto Chart
- A Pareto chart is a vertical bar graph where bar heights denote frequency or relative frequency, organized in descending order, relevant for qualitative data.
Paired Data Sets
- Paired data sets link entries from one data set to individual entries in another, typically visualized using scatter plots to represent relationships between two quantitative variables.
Time Series Chart
- A time series chart is composed of quantitative data collected at regular intervals, with time on the horizontal axis and quantitative measures on the vertical axis, connecting points with lines.
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Description
Test your knowledge of key concepts in Statistics Chapter 2 with these flashcards. Learn about frequency distributions, classes, and how to determine ranges effectively. Perfect for reinforcing statistical principles and preparing for exams.
