Statistics Chapter 1 Test Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is statistics?

A collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on the data.

What is a population in statistics?

The complete collection of all elements (scores, people, measurements, etc.) to be studied.

What is a census?

The collection of data from every element in a population.

What is a sample?

<p>A subcollection of elements drawn from a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a parameter?

<p>A numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a statistic?

<p>A numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is quantitative data?

<p>Data that consist of numbers representing counts or measurements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is qualitative data?

<p>Data that can be separated into different categories distinguished by some non-numeric characteristic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is discrete data?

<p>Data that result from either a finite number or a countable number of possible values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is continuous data?

<p>Data that result from many possible values associated with points on a continuous scale.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is nominal level of measurement?

<p>Data that consist of names, labels, or categories only, without any inherent ordering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ordinal level of measurement?

<p>Data that may be arranged in some order, but the differences between data values are not meaningful.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is interval level of measurement?

<p>Data where meaningful amounts of differences can be determined, but there is no natural zero starting point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ratio level of measurement?

<p>Interval level data that includes an inherent zero starting point, making both differences and ratios meaningful.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a self-selected survey?

<p>A survey in which the respondents themselves decide whether to be included.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an observational study?

<p>A study in which specific characteristics are observed and measured without manipulating the subjects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an experiment?

<p>A method where treatment is applied, and the effects on subjects are observed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is confounding?

<p>When the effects from two or more variables cannot be distinguished from each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a random sample?

<p>A sample where members of the population are selected so that each individual has an equal chance of being chosen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a simple random sample?

<p>A sample where every possible sample of size n has the same chance of being selected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is stratified sampling?

<p>Sampling that involves subdividing the population into strata and then drawing samples from each stratum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is systematic sampling?

<p>Sampling where a starting point is selected, and then every kth element in the population is chosen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cluster sampling?

<p>Sampling that divides the population into clusters, randomly selects sections, and includes all members from those sections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is convenience sampling?

<p>Sampling that uses results that are readily available.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is sampling error?

<p>The difference between a sample result and the true population result caused by chance sample fluctuations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a nonsampling error?

<p>An error that occurs when the sample data are incorrectly collected, recorded, or analyzed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Statistics Overview

  • Statistics encompasses methods for designing experiments and collecting data, as well as organizing, summarizing, analyzing, and interpreting this data to draw conclusions.

Key Terminology

  • Population: Total collection of all elements (scores, people, measurements) targeted for study.
  • Census: Data collection that covers every element within a population.
  • Sample: A subset of elements selected from a population for analysis.

Measurements

  • Parameter: A numerical value that describes a characteristic of a population.
  • Statistic: A numerical value that describes a characteristic of a sample.

Data Types

  • Quantitative Data: Numeric data representing counts or measurements.
  • Qualitative Data: Data categorized by non-numeric characteristics.
  • Discrete Data: Derived from finite or countable values, including whole numbers.
  • Continuous Data: Associated with a continuous scale, allowing for an infinite number of possible values without gaps.

Levels of Measurement

  • Nominal Level: Data categorized by names or labels without a natural ordering.
  • Ordinal Level: Data can be ordered but differences may be meaningless or undetermined.
  • Interval Level: Offers meaningful differences between values but lacks a true zero point.
  • Ratio Level: Similar to interval but includes an inherent zero, making both differences and ratios meaningful.

Survey and Study Methods

  • Self-Selected Survey: Participants choose to be included in the survey.
  • Observational Study: Involves observing subjects without manipulating variables.
  • Experiment: Involves applying a treatment to subjects and observing outcomes.

Sampling Techniques

  • Confounding: Difficulty in distinguishing effects of two or more variables simultaneously.
  • Random Sample: Each member of a population has an equal chance of selection.
  • Simple Random Sample: Every possible sample of a specified size has the same chance of being chosen.
  • Stratified Sampling: Population divided into strata based on shared characteristics, with a sample drawn from each stratum.
  • Systematic Sampling: Selecting a starting point and every kth member thereafter.
  • Cluster Sampling: Dividing the population into clusters, randomly selecting clusters, and including all members from chosen clusters.
  • Convenience Sampling: Using readily available results without systematic selection.

Sampling Errors

  • Sampling Error: Discrepancy between sampled results and actual population results due to random chance.
  • Nonsampling Error: Errors resulting from incorrect data collection, recording, or analysis, including biases in sample selection or measurement errors.

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Test your knowledge with these flashcards on key concepts from Statistics Chapter 1. Review important terms like 'statistics', 'population', and 'census' to reinforce your understanding. Perfect for students preparing for exams or anyone looking to brush up on basic statistical concepts.

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