Statistics Chapter 1 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is statistics?

A demographic analysis

A mathematical procedure for organizing, summarizing and interpreting information (correct)

A single observation

A type of data

What is a population in a study?

A set of all individuals of interest in a particular study

What is a sample?

A set of individuals selected from a population

What does a variable represent?

A characteristic/condition that changes or has different values for different individuals Signup and view all the answers

What are data?

Measurements/observations Signup and view all the answers

Define a data set.

A collection of measurements/observations Signup and view all the answers

What is a datum?

A single measurement/observation Signup and view all the answers

What is a parameter?

A value that describes a population Signup and view all the answers

What is a statistic?

A value that describes a sample Signup and view all the answers

What are descriptive statistics?

Statistical procedures used to summarize, organize and simplify data Signup and view all the answers

What are inferential statistics?

Techniques that allow us to study samples to make generalizations about populations Signup and view all the answers

What is sampling error?

The discrepancy between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter Signup and view all the answers

What does a correlational method do?

Observes two different variables to determine if there is a relationship between them Signup and view all the answers

What is a control condition?

Individuals do not receive the experimental treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is an experimental condition?

Individuals that receive the experimental treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is a quasi-independent variable?

The variable that creates different groups of scores in a nonexperimental study Signup and view all the answers

What are constructs?

Internal attributes/characteristics that cannot be directly observed Signup and view all the answers

What is an operational definition?

Identification of a measurement procedure for measuring an external behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is a discrete variable?

Consists of separate, indivisible categories Signup and view all the answers

What is a continuous variable?

There are an infinite number of possible values between any two observed values Signup and view all the answers

What are real limits?

Boundaries of intervals for scores represented on a continuous number line Signup and view all the answers

What is a nominal scale?

Consists of categories that have different names Signup and view all the answers

What is an ordinal scale?

A set of categories organized in an ordered sequence Signup and view all the answers

What is an interval scale?

Consists of ordered categories with equal intervals but an arbitrary zero point Signup and view all the answers

What is a ratio scale?

An interval scale with an absolute zero point Signup and view all the answers

What is the experimental method?

One variable is manipulated while another is observed and measured Signup and view all the answers

What is an independent variable?

The variable manipulated by the researcher Signup and view all the answers

What is a dependent variable?

The variable observed to assess the effect of the treatment Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Statistics Fundamentals

Statistics refers to mathematical procedures for organizing, summarizing, and interpreting information.
A population is the complete set of all individuals relevant to a study.
A sample is a subset chosen from a population to represent it in research.

Key Concepts in Data

A variable is a characteristic or condition that can change across individuals.
Data consists of collected measurements or observations.
A data set is a collection of such measurements or observations.
The term datum refers to a single measurement or observation, often known as a score.

Parameters and Statistics

A parameter describes a population's numerical attributes, derived from individuals' measurements.
A statistic represents a sample's numerical characteristics, also derived from individual measurements.

Types of Statistics

Descriptive statistics summarize, organize, and simplify data.
Inferential statistics enable generalizations about populations based on sample analyses.
Sampling error indicates the difference between sample statistics and population parameters.

Research Methods

The correlational method examines the relationship between two different variables.
Control conditions involve individuals who do not receive the experimental treatment for comparison purposes.
Experimental conditions involve individuals who receive the treatment being tested.

Variables in Research

A quasi-independent variable categorizes groups in a nonexperimental setting.
Constructs are internal characteristics or attributes used to explain behavior, though they cannot be directly observed.

Measurement and Definitions

An operational definition describes the measurement procedures for external behaviors and defines constructs based on resultant measurements.
Discrete variables are composed of distinct categories with no intermediate values, while continuous variables can take on an infinite number of values within a range.

Measurement Scales

Real limits are boundaries for scores on a continuous scale, with each score having upper and lower limits.
The nominal scale categorizes observations without quantitative distinctions.
The ordinal scale ranks categories in a meaningful order based on size or magnitude.
The interval scale has equal intervals between categories with an arbitrary zero point.
The ratio scale possesses an absolute zero point, allowing for meaningful ratio comparisons between values.

Experimental Design

The experimental method manipulates one variable to observe its impact on another, aiming to confirm cause-and-effect relationships.
The independent variable in a study is the one controlled by the researcher, usually involving multiple treatment conditions.
The dependent variable is the one being evaluated to determine the treatment's effect.

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Description

Dive into the basics of statistics with our Chapter 1 flashcards. Explore essential terms such as population, sample, and variable to build your foundational knowledge. Perfect for students looking to enhance their understanding of statistical concepts.