Statistics and Physical Science Concepts

Advanced Science and Math Study Notes

• Sound experiments in safety research aim to eliminate confounding effects, which are unexpected variables.
• A Total Case Incident Rate (TCIR) calculation uses the numerator (# cases) x 200,000 / total work hours.
• Considering skin absorption, physico-chemical properties of substances determine absorption rate.
• A key characteristic of an organic chemical is that it contains carbon.
• The mode is the value in a data set that occurs most frequently.
• The geometric mean is the square root of the product of all data points.
• The Poisson distribution models the probability of an event occurring a certain number of times, or not at all, in a specified time period.
• Standard deviation measures the average distance of observations from the mean, a measure of data variation.
• Regression equations predict relationships between two variables.
• Correlation coefficients measure the extent to which two variables are associated, from -1 to +1.
• The coefficient of variation is 100 times the standard deviation divided by the mean.
• A t-test is used to evaluate if the mean score from a group differs from the expected mean, only applicable with normal distributions.
• A z-test is a statistical test used to determine if there's a difference between two population parameters, when the population standard deviation is unknown and the sample size is 30 or fewer.
• The chi-square test determines the association between two categorical variables or if two frequencies/proportions are equal.
• The least-squares method determines the estimated regression equation using sample data.
• Conditional probability is the probability of an event given another event has already occurred.
• Nonparametric statistics are tests not based on population parameters involving ordinal or nominal data.
• Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to compare the means of three or more groups.
• Inferential statistics predict the probability of events in a population.
• An F-statistic is computed during ANOVA. Chi-Square tests use the Chi-Square distribution.
• Descriptive statistics summarize population data.
• Accident statistics measure performance, detect trouble spots, and fulfil OSHA record-keeping requirements.
• Safety sampling is a technique using statistics to measure the effectiveness of a line manager's safety activities.
• Type I error (alpha) is rejecting a true null hypothesis.
• Type II error (beta) is accepting a false null hypothesis.
• Anthropometry is the scientific study of human body measurements and proportions.
• Kinesiology studies human movement.
• Physiology studies body function.
• A histogram is a graph representing the frequency distribution of data.
• Pictograms are pictorial symbols representing objects or concepts.
• Confidence intervals are statistical ranges with a given probability that takes random errors into account.
• Bronchioles are airways in the lungs leading to alveoli.
• Pleura are membranes surrounding the lungs.
• Alveoli are air sacs in the lungs allowing oxygen passage.
• Pareto analysis identifies the crucial contributors to quality problems (80/20 rule).
• Probability is the ratio of ways an event can occur to the total ways it can occur.
• Mutually exclusive events cannot occur simultaneously.
• Independent events do not affect each other's outcomes.
• Dependent events are related via the previously occurred event.
• Multiplication rules are used for independent events.
• The additional rule of probability sums probabilities for mutually exclusive events.
• In any study using statistics, numerical data sets are the focus.
• A random sample has an equal probability of an element being picked.
• Cluster samples consider similar characteristics in groups.
• Stratified samples consider similar characteristic groupings within the larger population.
• A systematic sample randomly selects from the entire population
• Tensile stress is pulling a material apart.
• Shear stress is sliding material against itself.
• Compression stress is squeezing or compressing material.
• Torque stress twists material.
• Vapor pressure is when the rate of molecules escaping equals their rate of return at equilibrium conditions.
• Boiling point is when vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure.
• Cryogenic temperatures cause chemicals to not stay in their containers.
• Exothermic reactions release heat.
• Elements arranged by increasing atomic numbers repeat physical and chemical properties.
• A chelating agent forms multiple bonds with metal ions.
• A buffer substance reduces changes in hydrogen ion concentration.
• A mole of nitrogen gas weighs 28 grams, contains 6.024 x 10^23 molecules, and has a specific volume.
• pH scale measures acidity/alkalinity on a scale of 0-14.
• Ideal gas law describes the relationship between pressure, volume, temperature, and the number of moles of a substance in a gas.
• The combined gas law is the relationship between the pressure, volume, and temperature of a specific amount of gas.
• Stoke's law explains the settling velocity of particles.
• Newton's law describes the relationship of volume and pressure.
• Charles' law describes the relationship of volume and temperature.
• Fick's law describes diffusion, weight, and coefficients.
• Henry's law describes gas solubility in water.
• Beer's law describes light absorption relation to concentration.
• Boyle's law describes the relationship between pressure and volume at a constant temperature.
• A safety factor is the relationship between the ultimate breaking strength and allowable safe working load.
• A given safety factor, tensile strength, and rope diameter can be used to solve for the safe working load.
• TWA (time-weighted average) is a calculation used in occupational health.
• Fibers are small particles with a length to width ratio of 3:1.
• Fumes are condensed metal oxides.
• Aerosols are liquid or solid particles dispersed in air.
• A mist is a disperse liquid in air.
• Vapor is a gaseous substance that is typically solid or liquid at standard temperatures and pressures.
• Gas is a substance in a gaseous state.
• Smoke is the result of incomplete combustion.
• Fog is a term loosely used for visible aerosols where the dispersed phase is liquid.
• Smog is a term that combines smoke and fog for atmospheric contamination.
• Dust is solid particles capable of suspending in the air.

Test your knowledge on statistics and physical science concepts with this quiz. Covering topics such as correlation, t-tests, Chi-Square tests, and properties of various substances, you'll enhance your understanding of these fundamental principles. Perfect for students studying statistics or physical sciences.