Statistics and Cybersecurity Concepts

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason individuals may choose not to confront misinformation they encounter?

Desire to maintain interpersonal relationships (correct)

Fear of spreading misinformation further

Belief in the authority of the original source

Confidence in their own understanding of the information

Which characteristic of a message increases its likelihood of being believed as true?

Having a conversational tone (correct)

Being emotionally neutral

Mentioning multiple conflicting sources

Requiring no action from the receiver

How does information overload relate to the likelihood of believing in fake news?

It strengthens the reliability of news media

It decreases skepticism about information encountered (correct)

It facilitates clear understanding of news sources

It encourages more thorough fact-checking

What consequence of fake news can impact trust at the societal level?

Devaluation of information Signup and view all the answers

What is confirmation bias in the context of news consumption?

The inclination to favor information that confirms existing beliefs Signup and view all the answers

What does a higher standard deviation indicate about a data distribution?

The data shows a wider distribution. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a strong password?

Contains personal information Signup and view all the answers

What is a key action to take when receiving a suspicious email?

Report the email to ServiceNow@NTU. Signup and view all the answers

What do the terms Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability (CIA) refer to in cybersecurity?

Fundamental principles to protect data. Signup and view all the answers

What is correlation and what does a correlation value close to 1 signify?

Strong relationship with minimal deviations. Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the best practice for securing multiple online accounts?

Using different passwords for different accounts. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly represents a recommendation for data security?

Data in digital form can be more vulnerable than physical forms. Signup and view all the answers

When creating a password, which of the following strategies is advisable?

Creating a password from a memorable sentence. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary legal effect of an assignment in intellectual property?

It transfers all entitlement and ownership rights to the assignee. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a non-exclusive licence?

Multiple licensees can use the IP concurrently. Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used to describe the act of transferring ownership rights in IP?

Assignment Signup and view all the answers

In what scenarios would you commonly find licensing agreements?

All social media and SaaS platforms. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about intellectual property is accurate?

Intellectual property is considered a type of personal property. Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of an exclusive licence?

It grants the holder sole usage rights. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions would typically require a licence?

Exploiting a copyrighted song in a video. Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the formal contract permitting someone to use intellectual property?

Licence Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of a whistle-blower?

To report harmful situations after internal channels have been ignored Signup and view all the answers

According to Richard T. De George, when is whistle-blowing morally permissible?

When serious harm will or has been caused Signup and view all the answers

What should an employee do first if they identify a serious threat within their organization?

Report it to their immediate superior Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the additional conditions that must be met for whistle-blowing to be morally obligatory?

The whistle-blower must have evidence convincing a reasonable observer Signup and view all the answers

What happens if an employee's immediate supervisor ignores their concerns?

The employee should escalate the concern through internal procedures Signup and view all the answers

What does Richard T. De George suggest about the success of whistle-blowing?

The potential for change must justify the risks involved Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of internal mismanagement highlighted in notable cases?

Serious harm before the issue is addressed Signup and view all the answers

What action does a whistle-blower take that sets them apart from other employees?

They report harmful situations to external parties after internal channels fail Signup and view all the answers

What is one key aspect of the principle of integrity according to the Singapore Computer Society?

Act with complete discretion when entrusted with confidential information Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the concept of professionalism for SCS members?

They should participate in the formulation and enforcement of professional standards. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of cyberbullying?

Repeatedly sending hurtful messages to someone. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of 8- to 12-year-olds in Singapore experienced cyberbullying according to recent reports?

40% Signup and view all the answers

What is one action that SCS members are prohibited from doing under the principle of professionalism?

Slandering the professional reputation of others. Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior does NOT fall under the definition of cyberbullying?

Sending a thank-you note to a colleague. Signup and view all the answers

What principle requires SCS members to give credit where it is due?

Integrity Signup and view all the answers

According to the 2020 Child Online Safety Index, what was the overall prevalence of cyberbullying among children in participating countries?

45% Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Mean, Standard Deviation, and Correlation

The mean is a single point statistic which represents the average behavior of the data points in a distribution.
The standard deviation measures how much data points deviate from the mean of the distribution. A higher standard deviation signifies a wider distribution.
Correlation ranges from -1 to 1. A higher correlation suggests a stronger relationship, and a narrower margin of error.

Cybersecurity

Phishing is a type of cyberattack that uses deceptive emails or websites to steal personal information. Be cautious of emails from unknown senders and verify the sender's identity before clicking any links.
Strong passwords should be at least 8 characters long and include a mix of uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and symbols. Avoid using personal information that others can easily guess.
Two-factor authentication (MFA) provides an extra layer of security by requiring a second form of verification, such as a one-time password sent to your mobile device.
Data can be stored physically or digitally and can belong to individuals or organizations. Levels of data security range from open (publicly available) to confidential (restricted access).

Data security principles

Confidentiality: Protect personal information and only share what's necessary.
Integrity: Practice cyber hygiene and be aware of fake sources of information.
Availability: Prevent being locked out of devices, as your actions can affect others.

Fake News

Characteristics of misleading messages:
- Plausibility - Does it sound believable?
- Expert Mention - Does it cite credible sources?
- Conversation Tone - Does it feel like a natural conversation?
- Emotional Appeal - Does it evoke strong emotions?
- Call to Action - Does it ask you to forward or share the message?
Information channels where fake news spreads easily:
- Popularity Cues: Highly shared or liked content may seem more reliable.
- Reliance: Trusting information from sources you already rely on.
- Gatekeeping: Lack of verification or fact-checking.
- Information Overload: Being overwhelmed with information makes it harder to distinguish truth from falsehood.
Confirmation bias: We tend to believe information that aligns with our existing beliefs.
Informational apathy: Ignoring or dismissing evidence that contradicts our beliefs.
Consequences of fake news:
- Short-term: Political decisions, business impacts, peace and order, reputation damage.
- Long-term: Erosion of trust in institutions, devaluation of information, larger social divisions.

Whistle-Blowing

Defining whistle-blowing: An act of exposing wrongdoing within an organization after internal reporting channels have failed.
Conditions for justified whistle-blowing:
- The organization is causing serious harm to employees or the public.
- Internal reporting has been ignored or rebuffed.
- The whistle-blower has documented evidence to support their claims.
- There is a reasonable possibility of positive change through public disclosure.
Consequences of whistle-blowing:
- Employment termination or legal repercussions.

Using Contracts with Intellectual Property (IP)

Terms to know: Permission, release, license, assignment, clearance.
IP can be treated like any other type of property and can be bought, sold, leased, or given away.
License:
- A contract that grants permission to use IP for specific purposes.
- Non-exclusive license: Multiple people can use the IP.
- Exclusive license: Only one person can use the IP.
Assignment:
- A contract that transfers ownership of IP rights to another person.
- The assignor relinquishes ownership, and the assignee becomes the new owner.

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Description

Explore key concepts in statistics like mean, standard deviation, and correlation, crucial for data analysis. Additionally, learn about cybersecurity measures such as phishing, strong passwords, and two-factor authentication to protect personal information.