Statistics and Biology Quiz

Hypothetico-Deductive Approach = Series of steps leading to a robust conclusion about a problem Falsificationist Procedure = Method of increasing the power of conclusions by introducing null hypothesis Descriptive Statistic = Describes the pattern of measurements Parametric Data = Assumes normal distribution and uses mean and standard deviation

Null Hypothesis (H0) = Predicts no effect or no difference Research Hypothesis (H1) = Proposes an effect or a difference Good Hypothesis = Testable and specific Inductive Generalization = Making generalizations based on one or more observations

Mean = Average used for bell-shaped distributions Median = Middle value used for non-symmetrical data Mode = Value that appears most frequently in a dataset Range = Difference between highest and lowest values in a dataset

<p>Population = All humans in South America Sample = Subset of measurements from the population Non-Parametric Data = Skewed or non-normal distribution Parametric Data = Uses mean and standard deviation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parametric Data = Assumes normal distribution Non-Parametric Data = Uses median and median absolute deviation Descriptive Statistic = Used to see if samples match expectations Sample = Subset of the entire population of interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inductive Generalization = Prone to revisions from a single contradictory observation Falsificationist Procedure = Emphasizes the difficulty of proving hypotheses Null Hypothesis = Easier to disprove than to prove Good Hypothesis = Must be testable and specific</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mean = Affected by extreme values (outliers) Median = More reliable for skewed data Mode = Represents the most common value Range = Measures the spread of a dataset</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Karl Popper = Proposed the hypothetico-deductive approach Black Swan Theory = Counterexample that disproves generalizations Statistical Analysis = Validates hypotheses through data Sample Size = Impacts the reliability of results</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>P20 = 2 µL - 20 µL P200 = 20 µL - 200 µL P1000 = 100 µL - 1000 µL P10 = 1 µL - 10 µL</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lac repressor = Binds to the operator to block transcription Lactose = Binds to the repressor to allow transcription Z gene = Codes for β-galactosidase enzyme Y gene = Codes for permease enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactose = Induces synthesis of β-galactosidase Glucose = Final product of lactose hydrolysis Galactose = Another product of lactose hydrolysis Chromogenic substrate = Visualizes β-galactosidase activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>BSL 1 = Not associated with diseases in healthy adults BSL 2 = Moderate hazard; associated with human disease Pathogenic = Potentially harmful organisms Debilitated strain = Weak or modified bacterial strains</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pipettor tips = Prevent cross-contamination by being disposable Min volume = Lowest volume measurable with pipettor Max volume = Highest volume measurable with pipettor Pipettor type = Identified by color coding for easy use</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Debilitated strain = Does not colonize the human intestine BSL Risk Group 1 = Considered safe for healthy adult humans Potentially pathogenic = Safety practices still assume risk Commercial use = Historically considered safe despite risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Operator = Site where the repressor binds RNA polymerase = Enzyme responsible for transcription I gene = Codes for the lac repressor Promoter = Initiates transcription of lac genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Substrate = Base compound for enzyme reaction Reaction = Hydrolysis of specific substrates Color change = Indicates β-galactosidase activity Enzyme = Catalyst that speeds up the lactose breakdown</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mode = Most frequent value Median = Middle value in a data set Mean = Average of all data points Parameter = Shows the central tendency</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Standard Deviation = Measures spread but for bell-shaped data Median Absolute Deviation (MAD) = For all data types Interquartile Range (IQR) = Q3 - Q1 Outliers = Identified using box plots based on IQR</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inner fence = Q1 - 1.5(IQR) or Q3 + 1.5(IQR) Outer fence = Q1 - 3(IQR) or Q3 + 3(IQR) Suspected outliers = Values outside the inner fence Confirmed outliers = Values outside the outer fence</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>P-value = Probability of observing results as extreme given H0 is true Resampling = Use of bootstrapping instead of a t-test Significant results = &lt; 0.01, reject H0 Not significant results = ≥ 0.01, fail to reject H0</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accuracy = Number of correct responses Speed = Average reaction time Visual cues = Type of cues used in tests Auditory cues = Another type of cues used in tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epidemic = Higher-than-expected disease incidence in a population Pandemic = Disease spread across large regions or continents Study of diseases = Focuses on populations at risk Factors influencing disease spread = Environmental, social, and genetic factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental conditions = Influences the spread of diseases Social practices = Cultural factors affecting disease transmission Genetic resistance = Includes vaccination or natural immunity Population at risk = Group studied in epidemiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Central tendency = Describes the center of a data distribution Measures of variability = Describes the spread of data Inferential statistics = Assesses relationships between sample groups Descriptive statistics = Summarizes data without inference</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tachycardia = High heart rate, above 100 bpm at rest Bradycardia = Low heart rate, below 60 bpm at rest Chemoreceptors = Cells that detect changes in carbon dioxide levels Breath-holding = The act of stopping breathing to accumulate CO₂</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondrial DNA = Small, circular DNA located in mitochondria Haplogroups = Groups sharing similar mtDNA sequences Hypervariable region = Used for genetic studies and lineage tracing Haploid = Inherited only from the egg parent</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Haplogroups L0, L1, L2, L3 = Originate in Africa Haplogroup L3 = Gives rise to M and N, marking migration out of Africa Haplogroup Q = Reaches Oceania Haplogroup N = Moves into Europe from Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased respiration rate = Activation of chemoreceptors in the brainstem Breathing experiments = Used to understand CO₂ effects on respiration Rebreathing = Reintroduces CO₂ into the system CO₂ buildup = Triggers the urge to breathe during breath-holding</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>~130,000–200,000 years ago = Haplogroups originating in Africa ~65,000–70,000 years ago = Haplogroup L3 marking migration out of Africa ~50,000 years ago = Haplogroup M moving into Asia ~15,000–20,000 years ago = Haplogroups A, B, C, and D reaching the Americas</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tachy- = Refers to fast or increased Brady- = Refers to slow or decreased -cardia = Refers to heart rate -pnea = Refers to breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutation rate = High in mtDNA due to repair mechanisms Ancient human migrations = Reflected by haplogroup genetic differences Egg-parental lineage = Traced using maternal mtDNA Reconstructed Sapiens Reference Sequence = Used to compare mutations in haplogroups</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Haplogroup B = Spread southward into South America (~3,000 years ago) Haplogroup N = Diversity in Europe (~39,000–51,000 years ago) Haplogroup M = Moves eastward into Asia (~50,000 years ago) Haplogroups A, C, D = Reach the Americas via the Bering land bridge (~15,000–20,000 years ago)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Haplogroup L0 = Oldest African haplogroup Haplogroup M = Dominant in Asia, Oceania, and Americas Haplogroup T = Defined by mutation C16278T Haplogroup Q = Marks a lineage in Oceania</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C16327T = Haplogroup C G16129A = Haplogroup Q T16189C = Haplogroup L2 T16362C = Haplogroup D</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Length = 20 – 30 base pairs long Melting Temperature = 55 – 80O C for best results Guanine and Cytosine content = 50 – 60% of total base pairs 3' End = Should end in G, C, CG or GC</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SDS-PAGE = Separates proteins based on size Agarose Gel Electrophoresis = Separates DNA fragments SDS = Denatures proteins and imparts negative charge Polyacrylamide = Dense matrix for small molecules like proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Denature = Separate DNA strands at 94°C Anneal = Bind primers to target sites at 50–68°C Extend = Synthesize new DNA strands at 72°C Amplify = Produces billions of DNA copies through cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SNP = Single Nucleotide Polymorphism C16069T = Indicates mutation from C to T at position 16069 Reference Sequence = RSRS contains Cytosine at specified position Haplogroups = Used to trace evolutionary history and mutation changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>African Haplogroups = Originated in Africa European Haplogroups = Branching from haplogroup R Asian Haplogroups = Dominant in regions like Asia and Oceania American Haplogroups = Arise from haplogroups M and N</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SDS-PAGE = Does not disrupt disulfide bonds unless combined with BME Agarose Gel = Not ideal for smaller molecules like proteins Polyacrylamide Gel = Dense matrix can limit migration rate for larger proteins Agarose = Best for estimating quality and concentration of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Haplogroup L3 = Associated with migrations out of Africa Haplogroup HV = Defined by mutations including T16189C Haplogroup U = Part of European haplogroup lineage Haplogroup B = Contains mutation T16217C</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forward Primer = Initiates DNA synthesis at the start position Reverse Primer = Binds to the complementary strand Product Size Calculation = Reverse Primer End Position minus Forward Primer Start Position plus 1 Specificity = Enhanced by G and C at the 3' end</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reference strand = Runs 5′ to 3′ direction Complementary strand = Runs 3′ to 5′ direction Forward primer = Binds to the complementary strand Reverse primer = Binds to the reference strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Total size = 16,569 bp HVSI = Hypervariable segment I Control region = 600 bp segment containing mutations Mutation accumulation = Occurs at a higher rate in HVSI</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Detergent = Denatures proteins and provides negative charge Reducing agent = Breaks disulfide bonds Polyacrylamide = Forms dense matrix for protein separation Electrode = Directs migration of proteins towards positive charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Haplogroup A = Arises from N haplogroup Haplogroup B = Also arises from N haplogroup Haplogroup C = Arises from M haplogroup Haplogroup D = Also arises from M haplogroup</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primers = Short sequences that initiate replication Melting Temperature = Determines efficiency of primer binding Agarose = Used for DNA separation in agarose gel Denaturation = Melting of double-stranded DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High GC Content = Increases melting temperature and primer specificity Long Base Runs = Can cause misbinding problems Size of DNA Fragments = Influences migration distance in gel electrophoresis Temperature Variation = Affects the efficiency of PCR reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers