Statistics and Biology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Hypothetico-Deductive Approach = Series of steps leading to a robust conclusion about a problem Falsificationist Procedure = Method of increasing the power of conclusions by introducing null hypothesis Descriptive Statistic = Describes the pattern of measurements Parametric Data = Assumes normal distribution and uses mean and standard deviation

Match the following hypothesis types with their characteristics:

Null Hypothesis (H0) = Predicts no effect or no difference Research Hypothesis (H1) = Proposes an effect or a difference Good Hypothesis = Testable and specific Inductive Generalization = Making generalizations based on one or more observations

Match the measures of central tendency with their descriptions:

Mean = Average used for bell-shaped distributions Median = Middle value used for non-symmetrical data Mode = Value that appears most frequently in a dataset Range = Difference between highest and lowest values in a dataset

Match the statistical terms with their examples:

Population = All humans in South America Sample = Subset of measurements from the population Non-Parametric Data = Skewed or non-normal distribution Parametric Data = Uses mean and standard deviation Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of data with their properties:

Parametric Data = Assumes normal distribution Non-Parametric Data = Uses median and median absolute deviation Descriptive Statistic = Used to see if samples match expectations Sample = Subset of the entire population of interest Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms to their limitations:

Inductive Generalization = Prone to revisions from a single contradictory observation Falsificationist Procedure = Emphasizes the difficulty of proving hypotheses Null Hypothesis = Easier to disprove than to prove Good Hypothesis = Must be testable and specific Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statistical measures with their usage:

Mean = Affected by extreme values (outliers) Median = More reliable for skewed data Mode = Represents the most common value Range = Measures the spread of a dataset Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

Karl Popper = Proposed the hypothetico-deductive approach Black Swan Theory = Counterexample that disproves generalizations Statistical Analysis = Validates hypotheses through data Sample Size = Impacts the reliability of results Signup and view all the answers

Match the pipettor with its volume range:

P20 = 2 µL - 20 µL P200 = 20 µL - 200 µL P1000 = 100 µL - 1000 µL P10 = 1 µL - 10 µL Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with its description in the context of the lac operon:

Lac repressor = Binds to the operator to block transcription Lactose = Binds to the repressor to allow transcription Z gene = Codes for β-galactosidase enzyme Y gene = Codes for permease enzyme Signup and view all the answers

Match the following substances with their roles in the β-galactosidase assay:

Lactose = Induces synthesis of β-galactosidase Glucose = Final product of lactose hydrolysis Galactose = Another product of lactose hydrolysis Chromogenic substrate = Visualizes β-galactosidase activity Signup and view all the answers

Match the safety classification with its description:

BSL 1 = Not associated with diseases in healthy adults BSL 2 = Moderate hazard; associated with human disease Pathogenic = Potentially harmful organisms Debilitated strain = Weak or modified bacterial strains Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of pipetting techniques with their features:

Pipettor tips = Prevent cross-contamination by being disposable Min volume = Lowest volume measurable with pipettor Max volume = Highest volume measurable with pipettor Pipettor type = Identified by color coding for easy use Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements about E. coli K-12:

Debilitated strain = Does not colonize the human intestine BSL Risk Group 1 = Considered safe for healthy adult humans Potentially pathogenic = Safety practices still assume risk Commercial use = Historically considered safe despite risks Signup and view all the answers

Match the elements involved in the transcription process of the lac operon:

Operator = Site where the repressor binds RNA polymerase = Enzyme responsible for transcription I gene = Codes for the lac repressor Promoter = Initiates transcription of lac genes Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components related to the chromogenic substrate:

Substrate = Base compound for enzyme reaction Reaction = Hydrolysis of specific substrates Color change = Indicates β-galactosidase activity Enzyme = Catalyst that speeds up the lactose breakdown Signup and view all the answers

Match the following measures of central tendency with their definitions:

Mode = Most frequent value Median = Middle value in a data set Mean = Average of all data points Parameter = Shows the central tendency Signup and view all the answers

Match the following measures of variability with their descriptions:

Standard Deviation = Measures spread but for bell-shaped data Median Absolute Deviation (MAD) = For all data types Interquartile Range (IQR) = Q3 - Q1 Outliers = Identified using box plots based on IQR Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to outliers with their definitions:

Inner fence = Q1 - 1.5(IQR) or Q3 + 1.5(IQR) Outer fence = Q1 - 3(IQR) or Q3 + 3(IQR) Suspected outliers = Values outside the inner fence Confirmed outliers = Values outside the outer fence Signup and view all the answers

Match the inferential statistics concepts with their definitions:

P-value = Probability of observing results as extreme given H0 is true Resampling = Use of bootstrapping instead of a t-test Significant results = < 0.01, reject H0 Not significant results = ≥ 0.01, fail to reject H0 Signup and view all the answers

Match the components of the Memory Interference Test (MIT) with their features:

Accuracy = Number of correct responses Speed = Average reaction time Visual cues = Type of cues used in tests Auditory cues = Another type of cues used in tests Signup and view all the answers

Match the epidemiology terms with their definitions:

Epidemic = Higher-than-expected disease incidence in a population Pandemic = Disease spread across large regions or continents Study of diseases = Focuses on populations at risk Factors influencing disease spread = Environmental, social, and genetic factors Signup and view all the answers

Match the concepts related to disease spread with their descriptions:

Environmental conditions = Influences the spread of diseases Social practices = Cultural factors affecting disease transmission Genetic resistance = Includes vaccination or natural immunity Population at risk = Group studied in epidemiology Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions in the context of statistics:

Central tendency = Describes the center of a data distribution Measures of variability = Describes the spread of data Inferential statistics = Assesses relationships between sample groups Descriptive statistics = Summarizes data without inference Signup and view all the answers

Match the respiration-related terms with their definitions:

Tachycardia = High heart rate, above 100 bpm at rest Bradycardia = Low heart rate, below 60 bpm at rest Chemoreceptors = Cells that detect changes in carbon dioxide levels Breath-holding = The act of stopping breathing to accumulate CO₂ Signup and view all the answers

Match the concepts related to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) with their descriptions:

Mitochondrial DNA = Small, circular DNA located in mitochondria Haplogroups = Groups sharing similar mtDNA sequences Hypervariable region = Used for genetic studies and lineage tracing Haploid = Inherited only from the egg parent Signup and view all the answers

Match the migrations of haplogroups to their respective origins:

Haplogroups L0, L1, L2, L3 = Originate in Africa Haplogroup L3 = Gives rise to M and N, marking migration out of Africa Haplogroup Q = Reaches Oceania Haplogroup N = Moves into Europe from Africa Signup and view all the answers

Match the effects of elevated CO₂ levels with their results:

Increased respiration rate = Activation of chemoreceptors in the brainstem Breathing experiments = Used to understand CO₂ effects on respiration Rebreathing = Reintroduces CO₂ into the system CO₂ buildup = Triggers the urge to breathe during breath-holding Signup and view all the answers

Match the timeline of human migration with its corresponding haplogroups:

~130,000–200,000 years ago = Haplogroups originating in Africa ~65,000–70,000 years ago = Haplogroup L3 marking migration out of Africa ~50,000 years ago = Haplogroup M moving into Asia ~15,000–20,000 years ago = Haplogroups A, B, C, and D reaching the Americas Signup and view all the answers

Match the prefixes with the terms related to heart rates:

Tachy- = Refers to fast or increased Brady- = Refers to slow or decreased -cardia = Refers to heart rate -pnea = Refers to breathing Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to genetic studies with their clarifications:

Mutation rate = High in mtDNA due to repair mechanisms Ancient human migrations = Reflected by haplogroup genetic differences Egg-parental lineage = Traced using maternal mtDNA Reconstructed Sapiens Reference Sequence = Used to compare mutations in haplogroups Signup and view all the answers

Match the migration patterns of haplogroups to their timelines:

Haplogroup B = Spread southward into South America (~3,000 years ago) Haplogroup N = Diversity in Europe (~39,000–51,000 years ago) Haplogroup M = Moves eastward into Asia (~50,000 years ago) Haplogroups A, C, D = Reach the Americas via the Bering land bridge (~15,000–20,000 years ago) Signup and view all the answers

Match the haplogroups with their primary characteristics:

Haplogroup L0 = Oldest African haplogroup Haplogroup M = Dominant in Asia, Oceania, and Americas Haplogroup T = Defined by mutation C16278T Haplogroup Q = Marks a lineage in Oceania Signup and view all the answers

Match the mutations with their respective haplogroups:

C16327T = Haplogroup C G16129A = Haplogroup Q T16189C = Haplogroup L2 T16362C = Haplogroup D Signup and view all the answers

Match the following primer characteristics with their descriptions:

Length = 20 – 30 base pairs long Melting Temperature = 55 – 80O C for best results Guanine and Cytosine content = 50 – 60% of total base pairs 3' End = Should end in G, C, CG or GC Signup and view all the answers

Match the following applications with their corresponding gel electrophoresis types:

SDS-PAGE = Separates proteins based on size Agarose Gel Electrophoresis = Separates DNA fragments SDS = Denatures proteins and imparts negative charge Polyacrylamide = Dense matrix for small molecules like proteins Signup and view all the answers

Match the PCR steps with their descriptions:

Denature = Separate DNA strands at 94°C Anneal = Bind primers to target sites at 50–68°C Extend = Synthesize new DNA strands at 72°C Amplify = Produces billions of DNA copies through cycles Signup and view all the answers

Match the following SNP characteristics with their definitions:

SNP = Single Nucleotide Polymorphism C16069T = Indicates mutation from C to T at position 16069 Reference Sequence = RSRS contains Cytosine at specified position Haplogroups = Used to trace evolutionary history and mutation changes Signup and view all the answers

Match the primary origins of the haplogroups with their regions:

African Haplogroups = Originated in Africa European Haplogroups = Branching from haplogroup R Asian Haplogroups = Dominant in regions like Asia and Oceania American Haplogroups = Arise from haplogroups M and N Signup and view all the answers

Match the following limitations with the appropriate electrophoresis technique:

SDS-PAGE = Does not disrupt disulfide bonds unless combined with BME Agarose Gel = Not ideal for smaller molecules like proteins Polyacrylamide Gel = Dense matrix can limit migration rate for larger proteins Agarose = Best for estimating quality and concentration of DNA Signup and view all the answers

Match the haplogroup with its specific traits:

Haplogroup L3 = Associated with migrations out of Africa Haplogroup HV = Defined by mutations including T16189C Haplogroup U = Part of European haplogroup lineage Haplogroup B = Contains mutation T16217C Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to PCR with their roles:

Forward Primer = Initiates DNA synthesis at the start position Reverse Primer = Binds to the complementary strand Product Size Calculation = Reverse Primer End Position minus Forward Primer Start Position plus 1 Specificity = Enhanced by G and C at the 3' end Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of strands in DNA with their descriptions:

Reference strand = Runs 5′ to 3′ direction Complementary strand = Runs 3′ to 5′ direction Forward primer = Binds to the complementary strand Reverse primer = Binds to the reference strand Signup and view all the answers

Match the segments of mtDNA with their focus:

Total size = 16,569 bp HVSI = Hypervariable segment I Control region = 600 bp segment containing mutations Mutation accumulation = Occurs at a higher rate in HVSI Signup and view all the answers

Match the following roles of components in SDS-PAGE:

Detergent = Denatures proteins and provides negative charge Reducing agent = Breaks disulfide bonds Polyacrylamide = Forms dense matrix for protein separation Electrode = Directs migration of proteins towards positive charge Signup and view all the answers

Match the haplogroup origins with their respective descriptions:

Haplogroup A = Arises from N haplogroup Haplogroup B = Also arises from N haplogroup Haplogroup C = Arises from M haplogroup Haplogroup D = Also arises from M haplogroup Signup and view all the answers

Match the following descriptions with their respective components of PCR:

Primers = Short sequences that initiate replication Melting Temperature = Determines efficiency of primer binding Agarose = Used for DNA separation in agarose gel Denaturation = Melting of double-stranded DNA Signup and view all the answers

Match the following DNA properties with their implications:

High GC Content = Increases melting temperature and primer specificity Long Base Runs = Can cause misbinding problems Size of DNA Fragments = Influences migration distance in gel electrophoresis Temperature Variation = Affects the efficiency of PCR reactions Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hypothetico-Deductive Approach

A series of steps leading to conclusions about a problem. Starts with observation, creates hypotheses, and tests them through experiments.

Falsificationist Procedure

A method to strengthen conclusions from the hypothetico-deductive approach. Uses a null hypothesis (no effect) to make it easier to disprove a hypothesis.