Statistical Hypothesis Testing and P-Value
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of formulating the null and alternative hypotheses in a research study?

  • To determine the sample size required for the study
  • To analyze the data using statistical methods
  • To decide whether there is enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis (correct)
  • To prove that there is an association between the two variables in the population

    • What type of error is quantified by the use of statistics in a research study?

  • Sampling error
  • Systematic error
  • Random error (correct)
  • Measurement error

    • What is the significance level in hypothesis testing?

  • The maximum sample size required for the study
  • The minimum evidence required to reject the null hypothesis (correct)
  • The probability of accepting the null hypothesis when it is false
  • The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true

    • What is the assumption made when formulating the null hypothesis?

    <p>That there is no association between the two variables in the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of collecting sample data in a research study?

    <p>To provide evidence against the null hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of hypothesis testing in a research study?

    <p>Testing a hypothesis about the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of statistical hypothesis testing?

    <p>To determine the presence of an association between variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two possibilities when assessing an association between two variables?

    <p>The association does not exist in the population, or the variables are linked</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key aspect of research?

    <p>Stating with high certainty whether an association exists or not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of formulating hypotheses in statistical hypothesis testing?

    <p>To assess the presence of an association between variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the null and alternative hypothesis?

    <p>They are mutually exclusive and exhaustive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern when assessing associations between variables?

    <p>Determining the presence of the association</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the p-value defined as?

    <p>The probability of obtaining an association as strong (or stronger) as the one observed in our sample, if in fact there is no association present in the source population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the p-value as the strength of the association and the value of the test statistic increase?

    <p>The p-value decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the significance level in hypothesis testing?

    <p>To determine how strong the evidence should be to reject the null hypothesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the p-value is lower than the significance level, what is the typical conclusion?

    <p>Reject the null hypothesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical significance level used in hypothesis testing?

    <p>5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a lower p-value indicate about the association in the sample?

    <p>The association is stronger in the sample.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the assumption made when testing a hypothesis about the population?

    <p>That no association exists between the two variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of statistical analysis in hypothesis testing?

    <p>To decide whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the null and alternative hypotheses?

    <p>The null hypothesis states there is no association, while the alternative hypothesis states there is an association</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of collecting sample data in a research study?

    <p>To provide evidence against the null hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of rejecting the null hypothesis?

    <p>We conclude that there is an association between the variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of statistical analysis in quantifying error in a research study?

    <p>To quantify the random error in the sample estimate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prerequisite for testing a hypothesis about the population?

    <p>That a sample is representative of the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of calculating the p-value in hypothesis testing?

    <p>To determine the probability of obtaining the observed association if there is no true association</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the p-value is 0.01, what is the probability that the observed association is due to chance?

    <p>1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general rule of thumb when interpreting the p-value in relation to the significance level?

    <p>If the p-value is less than the significance level, reject the null hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the p-value and the strength of the association?

    <p>The stronger the association, the lower the p-value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical significance level used in most research studies?

    <p>5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of setting a significance level in hypothesis testing?

    <p>To determine the maximum probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the p-value as the sample size increases?

    <p>The p-value decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of hypothesis testing in a research study?

    <p>To determine whether the observed association is due to chance or a real effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of a p-value of 0.05?

    <p>There is a 5% probability that the observed association is due to chance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of statistical hypothesis testing?

    <p>Determining whether an association exists or not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two possibilities when assessing an association between two variables?

    <p>The association exists or does not exist in the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it extremely important to be able to state with high certainty whether an association exists or not in the source population?

    <p>Because it is essential in making conclusions about the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the null hypothesis in statistical hypothesis testing?

    <p>To disprove the existence of an association</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of formulating the null and alternative hypotheses?

    <p>To make conclusions about the population based on sample estimates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern when assessing associations between variables in research?

    <p>Determining whether an association exists or not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of statistical hypothesis testing in research?

    <p>To make conclusions about the population based on sample estimates</p> Signup and view all the answers

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