35 Questions
Explain why R1 can ping R2 but cannot ping the R3 LAN based on the provided routing table information.
R1 can ping R2 because the destination IP address 172.16.2.2 is directly connected through the Serial0/1/0 interface. However, R1 cannot ping the R3 LAN at 192.168.2.1 because there is no route in the routing table for the 192.168.2.0/24 network. The routing table only shows entries for directly connected networks and associated local addresses.
What is the significance of the 'Gateway of last resort is not set' message in the routing table output?
The 'Gateway of last resort is not set' message indicates that there is no default route configured on the router. This means that if the router does not have a specific route for a destination, it will not know how to forward the traffic.
Explain why R1 has entries for 172.16.2.0/24 and 172.16.3.0/24 in its routing table.
R1 has entries for 172.16.2.0/24 and 172.16.3.0/24 in its routing table because these networks are directly connected to R1. The router has interfaces in these networks, which is why it has entries for them in its routing table.
What could be a possible reason for the 0 percent success rate when pinging 192.168.2.1?
The 0 percent success rate when pinging 192.168.2.1 indicates that there is no route to the 192.168.2.0/24 network. This could be due to the absence of a route for that network in the routing table, leading to the failure of the ping requests.
Explain the difference between a fully specified static route and a default static route in IPv4 routing.
A fully specified static route includes both the exit interface and the next-hop IP address, while a default static route matches all packets and has a network address of 0.0.0.0 and a subnet mask of 0.0.0.0.
Describe the purpose of floating static routes and how they are configured.
Floating static routes provide a backup path to a primary static or dynamic route in the event of a link failure. They are configured with a higher administrative distance than the primary route using the distance argument.
What is the command syntax for an IPv6 default static route, and what does it match?
The command syntax for an IPv6 default static route is similar to any other IPv6 static route, except that the ipv6-prefix/prefix-length is ::/0, which matches all routes.
When would a host route be automatically installed in the routing table on a router?
A host route would be automatically installed when an IP address is configured on the router.
What are the three ways a host route can be added to the routing table?
A host route can be added by automatically being installed when an IP address is configured on the router, by being configured as a static host route, or by being automatically obtained through other methods not covered in this module.
Explain the usage of a fully specified IPv6 static route and the requirements for specifying the next-hop address.
A fully specified IPv6 static route is used when the exit interface is a multi-access interface and it is necessary to explicitly identify the next hop. The next hop must be directly connected to the specified exit interface, and the next-hop IPv6 address is specified.
What is the purpose of using a host route as a manually configured static route in IPv4 routing?
The purpose of using a host route as a manually configured static route is to direct traffic to a specific destination device.
What are the conditions for using the link-local address of the adjacent router as the next hop in an IPv6 static route?
For IPv6 static routes, the next-hop address can be the link-local address of the adjacent router; however, you must specify an interface type and an interface number when using a link-local address as the next hop.
Explain the syntax for configuring IPv4 default static routes on a Cisco router, including an example of its usage?
The syntax for configuring an IPv4 default static route on a Cisco router is 'ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 {next-hop IP address}'. An example of its usage is 'ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.2.2'.
Provide an example of configuring next-hop IPv4 static routes on a Cisco router using the IP address of the next hop?
An example of configuring next-hop IPv4 static routes on a Cisco router is 'ip route {destination network} {subnet mask} {next-hop IP address}'. For instance, 'ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.2'.
What are the resulting routing table entries after configuring next-hop IPv4 static routes on a Cisco router?
The resulting routing table entries on a Cisco router after configuring next-hop IPv4 static routes include the destination network, subnet mask, next-hop IP address, and outgoing interface.
Explain the syntax for configuring IPv6 default static routes on a Cisco router, including an example of its usage?
The syntax for configuring an IPv6 default static route on a Cisco router is 'ipv6 route ::/0 {next-hop IPv6 address}'. An example of its usage is 'ipv6 route ::/0 2001:db8:acad:2::2'.
Provide an example of the commands to configure a Cisco router with IPv6 static routes to three remote networks?
An example of the commands to configure a Cisco router with IPv6 static routes to three remote networks is 'ipv6 route 2001:db8:1::/64 {next-hop IPv6 address}', 'ipv6 route 2001:db8:2::/64 {next-hop IPv6 address}', 'ipv6 route 2001:db8:3::/64 {next-hop IPv6 address}'.
Explain the concept of fully specified static routes in the context of a Cisco router?
Fully specified static routes on a Cisco router refer to routes where both the exit interface and the next-hop IP address are specified, providing complete path information for packet forwarding.
What does the asterisk (*) next to the route with code ‘S’ indicate in the context of Cisco router static routes?
The asterisk (*) next to the route with code ‘S’ in the context of Cisco router static routes indicates that this static route is a candidate default route, selected as the Gateway of Last Resort.
Describe the command used to verify default static routes on a Cisco router and its purpose?
The command used to verify default static routes on a Cisco router is 'show ip route 0.0.0.0' for IPv4 or 'show ipv6 route ::/0' for IPv6. Its purpose is to display the contents of the static routes in the routing table.
Explain the example of an IPv4 default static route configured on a Cisco router and its function?
An example of an IPv4 default static route configured on a Cisco router is 'ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 {next-hop IP address}', where packets not matching more specific route entries are forwarded to the specified next-hop IP address.
Provide an example of an IPv6 default static route configured on a Cisco router and its purpose?
An example of an IPv6 default static route configured on a Cisco router is 'ipv6 route ::/0 {next-hop IPv6 address}', forwarding packets not matching more specific IPv6 route entries to the specified next-hop IPv6 address.
Illustrate the configuration of directly connected IPv4 static routes on a Cisco router using the exit interface?
The configuration of directly connected IPv4 static routes on a Cisco router using the exit interface is done using the command 'ip route {destination network} {subnet mask} {exit interface}'. For example, 'ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 GigabitEthernet0/1'.
Explain the purpose of using a static default route with a /0 mask for IPv4 default routes.
The purpose of using a static default route with a /0 mask for IPv4 default routes is to indicate that none of the bits are required to match unless a more specific match exists.
What does the static default route configuration for IPv6 use as a prefix?
The static default route configuration for IPv6 uses ::/0 prefix, indicating that no bits are required to match unless a more specific match exists.
What is the purpose of floating static routes?
Floating static routes provide a backup path to a primary static or dynamic route, with a higher administrative distance than the primary route.
What does administrative distance represent in the context of routing?
Administrative distance represents the trustworthiness of a route, with static routes having an administrative distance of 1 by default.
What is the significance of using a /32 mask for IPv4 host routes?
Using a /32 mask for IPv4 host routes allows for the manual configuration of static routes to direct traffic to a specific destination device.
How can the next-hop address be specified for IPv6 static routes?
For IPv6 static routes, the next-hop address can be the link-local address of the adjacent router, requiring the specification of an interface type and number.
What types of static routes are supported by both IPv4 and IPv6?
Both IPv4 and IPv6 support various types of static routes, including standard, default, floating, and summary static routes.
When would a floating static route be used?
A floating static route would be used as a backup path to a primary static or dynamic route, activated when the primary route becomes unavailable.
What is the purpose of a static host route?
The purpose of a static host route is to manually configure a static route to direct traffic to a specific destination device, using a /32 mask for IPv4 host routes and a /128 prefix length for IPv6 host routes.
How can the effectiveness of floating static routes be verified?
The effectiveness of floating static routes can be verified by simulating the failure of the primary route and observing the activation of the floating static route.
What is the administrative distance of static routes by default?
Static routes have an administrative distance of 1 by default.
What do static route configuration commands for IPv4 and IPv6 specify?
Static route configuration commands for IPv4 and IPv6 specify the options for identifying the next hop and specifying the destination.
Study Notes
Static Routes Configuration and Verification
- Static default route configuration uses /0 mask for IPv4 default routes, indicating that none of the bits are required to match unless a more specific match exists.
- The static default route configuration for IPv6 uses ::/0 prefix, indicating no bits are required to match unless a more specific match exists.
- Floating static routes provide a backup path to a primary static or dynamic route, with a higher administrative distance than the primary route.
- Administrative distance represents the trustworthiness of a route, with static routes having an administrative distance of 1 by default.
- Commands to configure default and floating IP default routes are provided for both IPv4 and IPv6.
- A simulation of R2 failure shows the secondary route being used, indicating the effectiveness of floating static routes.
- A static host route can be a manually configured static route to direct traffic to a specific destination device, using a /32 mask for IPv4 host routes and a /128 prefix length for IPv6 host routes.
- Example configurations for IPv4 and IPv6 static host routes to access a server are provided.
- A review of both the IPv4 and IPv6 route tables verifies that the static host routes are active.
- For IPv6 static routes, the next-hop address can be the link-local address of the adjacent router, requiring the specification of an interface type and number.
- Both IPv4 and IPv6 support various types of static routes, including standard, default, floating, and summary static routes.
- Static route configuration commands for IPv4 and IPv6 are provided, indicating the options for identifying the next hop and specifying the destination.
Test your knowledge of static routes configuration, default and floating routes, administrative distance, and host routes for both IPv4 and IPv6 networks.
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