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Questions and Answers
Which of the following properties is not a characteristic that describes a sample of matter?
Which of the following properties is not a characteristic that describes a sample of matter?
In a solid, particles are loosely packed and move freely, allowing the solid to take the shape of its container.
In a solid, particles are loosely packed and move freely, allowing the solid to take the shape of its container.
False (B)
What term describes the phase transition where a substance changes directly from a solid to a gas, bypassing the liquid phase?
What term describes the phase transition where a substance changes directly from a solid to a gas, bypassing the liquid phase?
sublimation
The process by which molecules on the surface of a liquid break away and change into a gas is known as ______.
The process by which molecules on the surface of a liquid break away and change into a gas is known as ______.
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Which subatomic particle carries a negative charge?
Which subatomic particle carries a negative charge?
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The atomic number of an element is determined by the total number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
The atomic number of an element is determined by the total number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
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What two subatomic particles are collectively referred to as nucleons?
What two subatomic particles are collectively referred to as nucleons?
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Which formula correctly calculates the mass number of an atom?
Which formula correctly calculates the mass number of an atom?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between atomic number and isotopes?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between atomic number and isotopes?
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Ionization energy generally increases as you move down a group in the periodic table.
Ionization energy generally increases as you move down a group in the periodic table.
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How did Henry Moseley's work contribute to the modern understanding of the periodic table?
How did Henry Moseley's work contribute to the modern understanding of the periodic table?
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Elements that possess characteristics of both metals and non-metals are called ______.
Elements that possess characteristics of both metals and non-metals are called ______.
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Match the following scientists with their contributions to the development of the periodic table:
Match the following scientists with their contributions to the development of the periodic table:
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Flashcards
Isotopes
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element with the same atomic number but different mass.
Ions
Ions
Atoms that have extra or missing electrons.
Periodic Law
Periodic Law
Elements arranged by increasing atomic number show periodic properties.
Atomic Radius
Atomic Radius
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Electronegativity
Electronegativity
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Matter
Matter
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Mass
Mass
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Volume
Volume
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Solid
Solid
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Liquid
Liquid
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Gas
Gas
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Physical Change
Physical Change
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Atoms
Atoms
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Study Notes
Particle Nature of Matter
- Matter is anything that occupies space and has weight.
- Properties are characteristics that describe a material sample.
- Mass measures the amount of matter in an object.
- Volume measures the space an object takes up.
- Solids have definite shapes and volumes because their particles are tightly packed and vibrate in place.
- Liquids are close together and move, which causes them to take the shape of their container.
- Gases take the shape of their container.
Particle Model of Matter
- In gases, particles move randomly at high speed and travel in straight lines.
Density
- Density describes how much space an object or substance takes up, or the amount of mass per unit volume.
Physical Changes of Matter
- Physical change results in no new materials forming.
- Substances can change their physical phase when conditions are altered.
- Temperature affects matter phase transitions.
- Evaporation processes involve molecules escaping into a gas phase.
- Condensation involves a substance changing from a gas to liquid phase.
- Melting transforms a solid into a liquid.
- Freezing changes a liquid into a solid.
- Sublimation is when a solid turns directly into a gas.
- Deposition is when gas turns directly into a solid.
- Vapor results when molecules escape a liquid into a gaseous phase.
The Subatomic Particles
- Atoms consist of neutrons, electrons, and protons.
- Neutrons are neutral.
- Electrons have a negative charge.
- Protons have a positive charge.
- The nucleus contains protons and neutrons.
- The outer region holds electrons.
- Atoms contain positive and negative charges.
- Protons and neutrons are also known as nucleons.
- Atomic number gives the number of protons in an atom.
- Mass number is the combined number of protons and neutrons.
- Isotopes are atoms of an element with the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
- Ions are atoms with extra or missing electrons.
Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner
- In 1817, he grouped chemical elements into triads based on similar properties.
John Newlands
- In 1863, he proposed the Law of Octaves, noting that after every seven elements, their properties repeat.
Lothar Meyer and Dmitri Mendeleev
- In 1869, they both independently developed periodic tables.
Henry Moseley
- In 1913, he used X-ray spectral lines for accurate atomic numbers, helping rearrange the periodic table.
Periodic Table Arrangement
- Period is a horizontal row.
- Group or family is a vertical column.
- Metalloids are elements with properties of both metals and nonmetals.
- Alkali metals, Alkaline Earth metals, and Halogens are groups of elements located in the periodic table.
Properties of Elements in the Periodic Table
- F, Cl, Br, I, and At are halogens.
- Noble gases include He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and Rn.
- Atomic radii indicate the size of an atom.
- Ionization energy is the energy needed to remove an electron from an atom.
- Electronegativity describes the ability of an atom to attract electrons.
- Electron affinity is the tendency of an atom to gain electrons.
- Metallic character decreases as you move from left to right across a period in the periodic table.
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Description
Explore the fundamental properties and behaviors of matter. Learn about mass, volume, the particle model, and density. Understand the physical changes, phases, and effects of temperature on matter.
