States of Matter and Properties

• Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.

States of Matter

• There are five states of matter: Bose Einstein Condensate, Solids, Liquids, Gases, and Plasmas.
• Energy, heat, electricity, and sound are not matter.

Volume

• Volume is the space an object or substance occupies.
• Volume is typically measured in milliliters (mL) or centimeters cubed (cm3).

Mass

• Mass is the amount of matter in an object or substance.
• Mass is measured in grams (g) using a Triple Beam Balance Scale.
• Mass remains constant regardless of location, unless material is added or removed.
• Weight depends on gravitational pull.

Mass Example

• An elephant has a mass of 3500 kilograms on both Earth and the Moon.
• The elephant's weight on the Moon is 1/6 of its weight on Earth due to the Moon's gravity being 1/6 as strong.

Density

• Density is the amount of mass packed into a certain volume of a substance.
• Density is measured in grams per centimeter cubed (g/cm3) or grams per milliliter (g/mL).
• Density is calculated by dividing mass by volume.
• Example: 1 cm3 of lead has a mass of 8.9 grams, while 1 cm3 of wood has a mass of 0.6 grams, indicating lead is denser than wood.

Atoms and Molecules

• All matter is made up of atoms.
• Molecules are formed when two or more atoms join together chemically (e.g., H2O).

Phases/States of Matter

• Matter exists in five different phases or states.
• The arrangement and movement of molecules vary in each phase.
• Phase changes occur when energy is added to or taken away from a state of matter.

Bose-Einstein Condensate

• Molecules have very little energy and condense together.

Solids

• Molecules are packed in a rigid structure.
• Molecules vibrate but do not move much.

Liquids

• Molecules are a little further apart and are flowing.
• Molecules slip and slide freely around each other.

Gases

• Molecules move independently.
• Molecules bounce around and fill available space.

Plasmas

• Molecules have a high level of energy.
• Molecules lose an electron and move very fast.

Physical Changes

• Involve changes to the form or appearance of a substance, but not its chemical composition.
• Molecules of a substance remain unchanged, such as in phase changes.

Chemical Changes

• Involve a transformation of a substance's molecules into a new substance or substances.

Indicators of Chemical Change

• Color change
• Production of a gas (bubbles)
• Temperature change (increase (exothermic) or decrease (endothermic))
• Formation of a precipitate (solid formation)
• Formation of a new substance (e.g., ash)
• Production of light

Examples of Chemical Change

• Hydrogen Peroxide + Yeast: produces bubbles and temperature increases (exothermic).
• Baking Soda + Vinegar: produces bubbles and temperature decreases (endothermic).
• Glow Stick Cracking: production of light.
• Milk + Vinegar: precipitate forms (solid).

Observation

• Involves using the senses to notice what you see, hear, feel, smell, or taste.

Inference

• Involves making a conclusion based on observations.