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Questions and Answers
What defines the phase transformation from solid to liquid?
Which intermolecular force is typically the weakest among solids, liquids, and gases?
What characteristic of powders is crucial in determining their pharmaceutical application?
Which of the following statements about true and bulk density is correct?
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What does the contact angle measure in relation to wettability of a solid?
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What is the primary difference between true volume and bulk volume?
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How is porosity determined?
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What does a lower angle of repose indicate about a powder's flow properties?
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What does bulkiness measure in terms of powder characteristics?
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How is the apparent density of a powder calculated?
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Which of the following correctly describes the void of a powder?
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What does the contact angle indicate about the wettability of a powder?
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What is the relationship described by Young's Equation regarding wettability?
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What property is primarily affected by changes in temperature in solids, liquids, and gases?
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Which solid state form is recognized for its unique molecular packing?
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What is the primary reason for using pharmaceutical salts in drug formulation?
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What is the role of particle size analysis in pharmaceuticals?
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Which method is NOT used to measure particle size in pharmaceuticals?
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What effect does an increase in pressure have on the volume of a gas, according to Boyle's Gas Law?
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What is a characteristic of amorphous solids compared to crystalline solids?
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In the context of solid state forms, what can hygroscopicity lead to?
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Which factor is important for the stability of pharmaceutical solids?
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What primarily determines the ability of a powder to flow in pharmaceutical applications?
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Why are cocrystals developed in pharmaceuticals?
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What is meant by the term 'angle of repose' in micromeritics?
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What type of solid includes molecules that form a regularly ordered structure?
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Which of the following is a common characteristic of pharmaceutical aerosols?
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Study Notes
States of Matter
- Solids, liquids, and gases are the three states of matter.
- The different states of matter are due to differences in intermolecular forces.
- Substances that exist as solids at room temperature have stronger intermolecular forces compared to liquids and gases.
- Energy can be transferred into kinetic (thermal) energy which increases temperature.
- Gases are compressible, liquids are not, and solids are not.
- Temperature increases the kinetic energy of molecules, increasing the movement of particles, thus causing phase transformations.
- Pressure can also cause phase transformations in a closed system, with increased pressure favoring the liquid and solid states.
Pharmaceutical Gases
- Pharmaceutical gases include Nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.
- Aerosols often use liquefied gases as a dispersion medium or propellant.
Solids
- Solids can be crystalline or amorphous.
- Crystalline solids have a repeating molecular arrangement, like polymorphs.
- Amorphous solids lack a long-range repeating order.
- Pharmaceutical salts are formed from acidic or basic drugs with a counterion to form a crystalline salt.
- Cocrystals are crystalline molecular complexes formed from two or more neutral molecules.
- When designing pharmaceuticals, it is important to consider the solid form as it affects solubility, dissolution rate, bioavailability, hygroscopicity, manufacturing properties, and stability.
Solid Stability
- Temperature influences solid stability, causing transformations like dehydration and melting.
- The melting point of solids relates to the magnitude of intermolecular forces.
- The heat of fusion is the energy required to transform a solid into a liquid.
Powders
- Powder is a physical form of a substance composed of finely divided particles.
- Powders can be classified as very coarse, coarse, moderately coarse, fine, and very fine based on their particle size.
- The particle size, size distribution, and shape of powders are important micromeritic properties influencing mixing, blending, dose uniformity, powder flow, aerosolization, dissolution, and suspendability characteristics.
Particle Size Analysis
- Sieving is one method for particle-size analysis.
- Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy are common techniques to determine particle size.
Micromeritic Properties
- Micromeritics studies the properties of powders involving: particle size, shape, angle of repose, true density, bulk density, porosity, voids, true volume, bulk volume, and bulkiness.
- True volume is the space occupied by particles themselves and is determined by true density.
- Bulk volume is the total volume of the powder including the spaces between particles.
- Void is the ratio of space over the bulk volume.
- Porosity is a percentage calculated from the void.
- Bulkiness is the reciprocal of apparent density.
- The angle of repose describes how easily a powder flows.
Wettability of Powders
- Wettability is the ability of a liquid to spread across a solid surface.
- The contact angle is a measure of wettability.
- Young's equation describes the relationship between surface tensions and contact angle.
- Wettability affects the dispersion of powders in liquids, the penetration of liquids into tablets, and the hardness of tablets.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of states of matter, including solids, liquids, and gases, and their molecular behavior. This quiz also covers the role of pharmaceutical gases and their applications in various fields. Test your understanding of intermolecular forces, phase transformations, and the unique properties of different states.
