States of Matter and Mixtures Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which property is defined as the amount of matter in an object?

Volume

Density

Mass (correct)

Hardness

What characteristic distinguishes a heterogeneous mixture from a homogeneous mixture?

Ability to dissolve in water

Variable composition throughout (correct)

Presence of pure substances only

Uniform composition throughout

Which state of matter has a definite shape and volume?

Solid (correct)

Plasma

Liquid

Gas

What term refers to the ability of a material to conduct heat?

Thermal Conductivity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a property that indicates how a substance interacts chemically with others?

Reactivity Signup and view all the answers

How is the atomic number defined?

Number of protons in an atom Signup and view all the answers

What property refers to the ability of a substance to dissolve in another substance?

Solubility Signup and view all the answers

An example of a compound is:

Water (H₂O) Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct formula to calculate the number of neutrons in an atom?

Number of Neutrons (N) = Mass Number (A) - Atomic Number (Z) Signup and view all the answers

Which group in the periodic table contains elements with 2 valence electrons?

Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the atomic radius as you move across a period from left to right?

Decreases Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of elements increases across a period in the periodic table?

Ionization energy Signup and view all the answers

Which of these compounds would accurately reflect the use of a prefix for naming?

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the structure of the atom?

The nucleus contains protons and neutrons, accounting for most of the atom's mass. Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of electrons that can be held in the third shell of an atom?

8 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the primary characteristic of noble gases?

8 valence electrons, making them stable Signup and view all the answers

In the compound glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆), how many hydrogen atoms are present?

12 Signup and view all the answers

Which prefix is used to indicate three atoms in a compound's name?

Tri- Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

States of Matter

Solids: Definite shape and volume. Particles are closely packed, vibrating in place.
Liquids: Definite volume, no definite shape. Particles are less tightly packed, taking the shape of their container.
Gases: No definite shape or volume. Particles are spread out, moving freely.

Pure Substances

Elements: Made of one type of atom. Examples: gold (Au), oxygen (O₂).
Compounds: Made of two or more different atoms chemically bonded. Examples: water (H₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂).

Mixtures

Homogeneous mixtures: Uniform composition throughout. Examples: saltwater, air.
Heterogeneous mixtures: Non-uniform composition. Examples: salad, sand.

Physical Properties

Mass: Amount of matter, measured in grams or kilograms.
Volume: Space occupied, measured in liters or cubic meters.
Density: Mass per unit volume (mass/volume).
Color, odor, taste: Sensory properties for identification.
Melting/boiling points: Temperatures for phase changes (solid to liquid, liquid to gas).
Hardness: Resistance to scratching or denting.
Solubility: Ability to dissolve in another substance.

Chemical Properties

Reactivity: How a substance interacts with others, causing chemical changes.
Flammability: Ability to burn in the presence of oxygen.
Acidity/basicity (pH): Measure of acidity; pH < 7 (acid), pH > 7 (base), pH = 7 (neutral).
Oxidation state: Degree of oxidation of an atom in a compound.

Thermal Properties

Thermal conductivity: Ability to conduct heat.
Thermal expansion: Increase in volume with heating.

Electrical Properties

Conductivity: Ability to conduct electricity.
Resistivity: Resistance to electric current flow.

Atomic Structure

Atomic number (Z): Number of protons in an atom (unique to each element).
Number of protons: Equal to the atomic number (Z).
Number of electrons: In a neutral atom, equals the number of protons.
Number of neutrons (N): Calculated as Mass number (A) - Atomic number (Z).
Mass number (A): Sum of protons and neutrons (A = Z + N).

Periodic Table

Groups: Columns based on valence electrons.
- Group 1 (Alkali metals): 1 valence electron (e.g., lithium, sodium).
- Group 2 (Alkaline earth metals): 2 valence electrons (e.g., beryllium, magnesium).
- Group 17 (Halogens): 7 valence electrons (e.g., fluorine, chlorine).
- Group 18 (Noble gases): 8 valence electrons (e.g., helium, neon).
Atomic radius: Decreases across a period, increases down a group.
Ionization energy: Increases across a period, decreases down a group.
Electronegativity: Increases across a period, decreases down a group.
Metallic character: Decreases across a period, increases down a group.

Atom Structure (continued)

Nucleus: Contains protons (positive) and neutrons (neutral).
Electron cloud: Contains electrons (negative) orbiting the nucleus.
Bohr-Rutherford diagrams: Used to show electron arrangement. First shell holds 2 electrons, second shell holds 8, etc. (third shell often simplified to 8).

Molecules & Compounds

Molecules: Two or more atoms bonded together.
Counting atoms: Use chemical formulas to determine atom numbers (e.g., H₂O = two hydrogen, one oxygen).
Nomenclature:
- -ide: For simple binary compounds (e.g., sodium chloride, NaCl).
- -ate: For polyatomic ions with oxygen (e.g., sulfate, SO₄²⁻).
- -ite: For polyatomic ions with less oxygen than the -ate ion (e.g., sulfite, SO₃²⁻).
- Prefixes: Indicate the number of atoms (mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, etc.) (e.g., carbon dioxide, CO₂).

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Description

Test your knowledge on the states of matter, pure substances, and mixtures. This quiz covers key concepts such as the characteristics of solids, liquids, gases, and various physical properties. Perfect for students in chemistry or related fields.