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Questions and Answers
Which state of matter has a definite shape and volume?
Which state of matter has a definite shape and volume?
Gases are not compressible and cannot flow.
Gases are not compressible and cannot flow.
False
What is the process called when a liquid turns into a gas?
What is the process called when a liquid turns into a gas?
Boiling or Evaporation
The temperature at which gas particles exert no pressure is known as __________.
The temperature at which gas particles exert no pressure is known as __________.
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Match the following states of matter with their description:
Match the following states of matter with their description:
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Which of the following describes Brownian motion?
Which of the following describes Brownian motion?
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The density of gases is higher than that of solids.
The density of gases is higher than that of solids.
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What type of energy relates to the motion of molecules?
What type of energy relates to the motion of molecules?
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Which of the following materials is considered the best insulator?
Which of the following materials is considered the best insulator?
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The process of convection can occur in solids.
The process of convection can occur in solids.
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What causes the circular movement in a convection current?
What causes the circular movement in a convection current?
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The formula for calculating heat energy is E = mcΔ______.
The formula for calculating heat energy is E = mcΔ______.
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Which of these statements about thermal radiation is true?
Which of these statements about thermal radiation is true?
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Match the terms with their correct definitions:
Match the terms with their correct definitions:
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Air is a good conductor of heat.
Air is a good conductor of heat.
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What happens to the molecules of a substance when it is heated?
What happens to the molecules of a substance when it is heated?
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What happens to potential energy during the melting process?
What happens to potential energy during the melting process?
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Brownian motion is the organized movement of particles.
Brownian motion is the organized movement of particles.
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What is the process called when a liquid changes into gas below its boiling point?
What is the process called when a liquid changes into gas below its boiling point?
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During evaporation, high energetic molecules escape from the surface, causing __________ in temperature.
During evaporation, high energetic molecules escape from the surface, causing __________ in temperature.
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Which of the following factors does NOT increase the rate of evaporation?
Which of the following factors does NOT increase the rate of evaporation?
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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What is the primary reason metals are considered good conductors of heat?
What is the primary reason metals are considered good conductors of heat?
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In boiling, bubbles are present, while in evaporation, bubbles are not seen.
In boiling, bubbles are present, while in evaporation, bubbles are not seen.
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Study Notes
States of Matter
- Solids have a definite shape and volume; they are incompressible and cannot flow.
- Liquids have a definite volume but no definite shape; they are incompressible and can flow.
- Gases have neither a definite shape nor volume; they are compressible and can flow.
Change of State
- Changes of state involve a change in energy, not in the number of molecules.
- Melting is the transformation of a solid to a liquid.
- Freezing is the change from a liquid to a solid.
- Boiling (evaporation) is the transformation of a liquid to a gas.
- Condensation is the change from a gas to a liquid.
Properties of States of Matter
| Property | Solid | Liquid | Gas |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arrangement of molecules | Closely packed | Loosely packed | Far apart |
| Shape | Fixed | No fixed shape | No fixed shape |
| Volume | Fixed | Fixed | No fixed volume |
| Density | High | Medium | Low |
| Intermolecular force | Strong | Weak | Very weak |
| Vibration/Movement | Vibrate in fixed positions | Vibrate vigorously and slide past each other | Move randomly in all directions |
Absolute Zero
- The amount of pressure exerted by a gas depends on its temperature.
- As temperature decreases, pressure decreases.
- Absolute zero is the temperature at which molecular movement stops, and a gas exerts no pressure (-273°C).
Brownian Motion
- The random movement of particles in a liquid or gas, caused by collisions with other particles.
- This motion is too small to be seen directly.
Evaporation
- Evaporation is the process of changing a liquid to a gas below its boiling point.
- Factors that affect the rate of evaporation include temperature, surface area, airflow, and humidity.
- Evaporation cools the remaining liquid.
Conduction
- Conduction is the transfer of heat through particle vibration and movement of free electrons.
- Metals are good conductors because they have many free electrons.
- Liquids and gases are poor conductors.
- Substances that allow heat transfer are called conductors; those that don't are called insulators.
Convection
- Convection is the transfer of heat through the movement of particles.
- It occurs in liquids and gases when heated parts become less dense and rise.
- Cooler, denser parts sink, creating a cyclical pattern of movement.
Radiation
- Heat transfer without a medium, in the form of infrared radiation.
- Dull or dark surfaces are good absorbers and emitters of radiation.
- Shiny surfaces are good reflectors.
Thermal Expansion
- Materials expand when heated and contract when cooled.
- Gases expand the most, solids the least.
Applications of Thermal Expansion
- Thermometers
- Joints in structures
- Bimetallic strips (e.g., in thermostats)
Consequences of Thermal Expansion
- Warping of metal structures (e.g., railway tracks).
- Cracking of materials/structures
Heat Capacity
- Heat capacity is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius.
- Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of a substance by one degree Celsius.
Formula for Heat Energy
- E = mcΔΘ (where E = energy, m = mass, c = specific heat capacity, and ΔΘ = change in temperature)
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Description
Explore the fundamental properties of solids, liquids, and gases in this quiz. Learn about how changes of state involve energy transformations and the arrangements of molecules in different phases. Test your understanding of the physical properties that distinguish each state of matter.
