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Simple distillation can effectively separate liquids with similar boiling points.
Simple distillation can effectively separate liquids with similar boiling points.
False
Fractional distillation relies on the differences in boiling points of liquids.
Fractional distillation relies on the differences in boiling points of liquids.
True
The nucleus of an atom contains electrons.
The nucleus of an atom contains electrons.
False
In fractional distillation, the liquid with the highest boiling point evaporates first.
In fractional distillation, the liquid with the highest boiling point evaporates first.
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Almost the entire mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus.
Almost the entire mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus.
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The white ring of ammonium chloride forms in the middle of the glass tube.
The white ring of ammonium chloride forms in the middle of the glass tube.
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Bromine gas is a colorless, odorless gas.
Bromine gas is a colorless, odorless gas.
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Filtration can be used to separate a soluble solid from a liquid.
Filtration can be used to separate a soluble solid from a liquid.
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The rate of diffusion is affected by the size and weight of the particles.
The rate of diffusion is affected by the size and weight of the particles.
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To obtain large crystals, you should quickly heat the solution until all the solvent evaporates.
To obtain large crystals, you should quickly heat the solution until all the solvent evaporates.
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The mass number of an atom is the total of protons and ______.
The mass number of an atom is the total of protons and ______.
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Atoms that consist of the same number of neutrons are classified as the same element.
Atoms that consist of the same number of neutrons are classified as the same element.
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The periodic table is arranged in order of increasing atomic number.
The periodic table is arranged in order of increasing atomic number.
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The number of electrons in an atom is always greater than the number of protons in a neutral atom.
The number of electrons in an atom is always greater than the number of protons in a neutral atom.
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Mendeleev's periodic table included gaps for undiscovered elements.
Mendeleev's periodic table included gaps for undiscovered elements.
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Isotopes of an element have the same number of neutrons but a different number of protons.
Isotopes of an element have the same number of neutrons but a different number of protons.
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Carbon-14 is stable and constitutes a significant portion of carbon in living organisms.
Carbon-14 is stable and constitutes a significant portion of carbon in living organisms.
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Relative atomic mass accounts for the mass and relative abundance of all stable isotopes of an element.
Relative atomic mass accounts for the mass and relative abundance of all stable isotopes of an element.
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The relative atomic mass of carbon-12 is 12.
The relative atomic mass of carbon-12 is 12.
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The two isotopes of chlorine mentioned are chlorine-35 and chlorine-37, with 3 atoms of 35Cl for every atom of 37Cl.
The two isotopes of chlorine mentioned are chlorine-35 and chlorine-37, with 3 atoms of 35Cl for every atom of 37Cl.
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Study Notes
States of Matter
- Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid, and gas.
- The state of matter depends on the forces of attraction between particles.
- Solids have strong forces of attraction, holding particles in fixed positions, resulting in a definite shape and volume.
- Particles in solids vibrate about their positions; the hotter the solid, the more they vibrate.
- Liquids have weaker forces of attraction than solids, allowing particles to move past each other. They have a definite volume but no fixed shape.
- Particles in liquids move randomly, filling the container.
- Gases have very weak forces of attraction, allowing particles to move freely in all directions. They have no fixed shape or volume, filling any container they occupy.
- Particles in gases move randomly and quickly, spreading out to take up the entire container.
Changes of State
- Substances can change from one state to another through changes in energy.
- Melting is the change from solid to liquid, occurring at a specific temperature (melting point) when heat is added.
- Freezing is the change from liquid to solid, releasing energy at a specific temperature (freezing point).
- Evaporating (vaporization) is the change from liquid to gas, absorbing energy to break the forces of attraction.
- Condensation is the change from gas to liquid, giving off energy.
- Sublimation is the change from solid to gas, absorbing energy directly.
Diffusion
- Diffusion is the gradual movement of particles from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration.
- The movement of particles is random and depends on their kinetic energy.
- Diffusion happens in both liquids and gases. The particles in diffusion collide, causing them to spread out.
- The rate of diffusion depends on temperature.
Filtration and Crystallisation
- Filtration is used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid.
- Crystallisation is used to separate a soluble solid from a solution.
Chromatography
- Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures of substances based on their different affinities for a stationary phase (a solid or liquid) and a mobile phase (a liquid or gas).
- Paper chromatography separates substances by their different solubilities in a solvent.
Distillation
- Distillation is a separation technique used to separate mixtures of liquids based on their different boiling points.
- Simple distillation separates liquids with significantly different boiling points.
- Fractional distillation separates liquids with similar boiling points by using a fractionating column.
Atoms
- Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter.
- Atoms consist of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in energy levels (electron shells).
- Atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus.
- Mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons.
- Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
Periodic Table
- The periodic table arranges elements in order of increasing atomic number.
- Elements with similar properties are grouped together in columns (called groups or families).
- Rows (periods) represent increasing electron shells.
- Elements can be metals, nonmetals, or metalloids based on their properties.
Electron Shells
- Electrons orbit the nucleus in energy levels called electron shells or energy levels.
- Each shell can hold a specific maximum number of electrons.
- The lower energy levels fill first.
- The outer energy level, or valence shell, is important in determining the chemical properties of an element.
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Description
Explore the fascinating concepts of states of matter and the changes between them in this quiz. Learn about solids, liquids, and gases, including their properties and how energy affects their state. Test your knowledge about the transitions between these states like melting and boiling.
