Chemistry Chapter 5: States of Matter

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Questions and Answers

What happens to the forces between particles when a solid melts?

The forces remain unchanged between the particles.

The forces completely disappear between the particles.

The forces weaken, allowing particles to move more freely. (correct)

The forces strengthen between the particles.

At what temperature does water freeze and melt?

212 ºC

0 ºC (correct)

32 ºC

100 ºC

What is the key difference between boiling and evaporation?

Boiling occurs only at the surface of the liquid.

Boiling involves bubbles of gas forming within the liquid. (correct)

Evaporation occurs at any temperature, while boiling occurs at a specific temperature.

Boiling requires a specific heat input while evaporation does not.

Which of the following statements about freezing is true?

Freezing is the reverse of melting and occurs at the same temperature. Signup and view all the answers

What determines the amount of energy needed to change the state from solid to liquid?

The strength of the forces between the particles. Signup and view all the answers

What is required for evaporation to occur?

It must take place at the surface of the liquid. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes condensation?

Particles lose energy and group together to form a liquid. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following solids is known to undergo sublimation?

Iodine Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the energy of particles during state changes?

It requires a change to facilitate state changes. Signup and view all the answers

What is desublimation?

The reverse of sublimation, where a gas becomes a solid. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the color of potassium manganate (VII) when it is diluted in water?

The color fades but does not disappear until further dilutions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a solvent?

The liquid in which a solute dissolves. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a saturated solution?

It contains the maximum concentration of solute in the solvent. Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a substance that will dissolve in a liquid?

Soluble Signup and view all the answers

What can be concluded from observing the gradual fading of color when potassium manganate (VII) is diluted?

There are many particles present in a small amount. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a solute?

The salt in sea water. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding an insoluble substance?

It does not dissolve in a liquid. Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of diluting a solution several times?

The solution becomes unsaturated. Signup and view all the answers

What supports the theory that all matter is made up of tiny, moving particles?

Diffusion and dilution experiments Signup and view all the answers

Why does the diffusion of bromine gas occur quickly between two jars?

Air and bromine particles have large gaps between them Signup and view all the answers

What is observed when potassium manganate(VII) is dissolved in water?

A purple solution is formed from a small number of crystals Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason that diffusion in liquids occurs more slowly than in gases?

Particles in liquids are closely packed and move more slowly Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes how diffusion occurs in gases?

Particles are mixed together and can easily move past one another Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the intensity of color when more potassium manganate(VII) crystals are added to water?

The intensity of color increases with more crystals Signup and view all the answers

In dilution, what is generally expected to happen to the concentration of a solution?

Concentration decreases as solvent is added Signup and view all the answers

During diffusion, what is primarily responsible for the mixing of particles?

The random movement of particles Signup and view all the answers

What is solubility a measurement of?

How much of a substance will dissolve in a given volume of liquid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors affects the solubility of gases?

Both temperature and pressure Signup and view all the answers

How is solubility typically expressed?

In grams per 100 grams of solvent Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the solubility of most solids as temperature increases?

It increases Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum mass of potassium nitrate that can dissolve in 20 g of water at 50 °C based on the solubility of 68 g per 100 g of water?

13.6 g Signup and view all the answers

When cooling a solution from 90 °C to 40 °C, what happens to the solubility of lead(II) nitrate?

It decreases from 118 g to 64 g Signup and view all the answers

How does increased pressure generally affect the solubility of gases?

It enhances solubility Signup and view all the answers

Which salt's solubility shows little change with temperature?

Sodium chloride Signup and view all the answers

What is the total mass of lead(II) nitrate crystallised from 200 cm3 of solution?

108 g Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes how solubility of solids and gases changes with temperature?

Solids usually become more soluble, while gases become less soluble with temperature increase. Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the method to investigate the solubility of a solid at different temperatures?

Prepare two beakers, one as a hot water bath and the other as an ice bath. Signup and view all the answers

During the practical, what should be noted when crystals first appear?

The temperature at which crystals first appear. Signup and view all the answers

How much distilled water is initially measured for the experiment?

4 cm3 Signup and view all the answers

What is done after the boiling tube is placed into the ice bath?

Temperature is measured and recorded. Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical is specifically weighed out for the practical investigation?

Ammonium chloride Signup and view all the answers

What occurs after adding 1 cm3 of distilled water to the boiling tube during the method?

The solution is warmed again to dissolve any formed crystals. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

States of Matter

Matter exists in three states: solids, liquids, and gases.
Substances can exist in all three states, depending on temperature and pressure.
State changes occur at specific points: melting point (solid to liquid), boiling point (liquid to gas).
Melting and freezing occur at the same temperature.
Boiling and condensing occur at the same temperature.
Individual atoms are different from bulk matter.
Matter can be represented as small solid spheres.
Solids have a regular arrangement of particles, vibrating about fixed positions, very close together.
Liquids have a random arrangement of particles, moving around each other, close together.
Gases have randomly arranged particles, moving quickly in all directions, far apart.

Changing States of Matter

The amount of energy needed for a state change depends on the forces between particles.
Stronger forces mean higher melting and boiling points.
Changing states is a physical change; the particles remain the same, only the forces between them change.
Melting is when a solid becomes a liquid, absorbing heat and transforming it into kinetic energy.
Boiling is when a liquid becomes a gas, absorbing heat and transforming it into kinetic energy, usually occurring at a specific temperature, known as the boiling point.
Freezing is when a liquid becomes a solid, releasing heat. It occurs at the same temperature as melting.
Evaporation occurs at temperatures below the boiling point, only at the surface, and depends on the surface area and temperature.
Condensation is the conversion of a gas to a liquid, releasing energy.
Sublimation is when a solid changes directly into a gas, without becoming a liquid. Deposition is the opposite process of sublimation.

Diffusion and Dilution

Diffusion is the spreading of particles from a high to low concentration.
Dilution involves adding a solvent to reduce the concentration of the substance.
Diffusion experiments show that matter is made of tiny particles in constant, random motion.
In gases, particles move randomly with large gaps between them, allowing for mixing.
In liquids, particles move randomly, but there are smaller gaps than in gases, making diffusion slower.
The speed of diffusion depends on the temperature; higher temperatures mean faster movement of particles.

Solubility

Solubility is the amount of a substance that will dissolve in a specific volume of a liquid at a particular temperature.
The solubility of a solid typically increases as temperature increases.
The solubility of a gas typically decreases as temperature increases.
The solubility of a gas increases as pressure increases.
Solubility can be expressed in grams per 100 grams of solvent.
Solubility curves show the relationship between solubility and temperature for a substance.
Saturated solutions hold the maximum amount of solute possible at a given temperature.

Practical: Investigating Solubility

Students can investigate how the solubility of a substance varies with temperature.
Specific instructions (method) are provided for conducting the experiment and recording results.
The experiment involves measuring the solubility of a solid (e.g., ammonium chloride) in water at different temperatures.
Results typically are presented in tables showing the mass of the solute needed for saturation at each temperature.
Plotting a solubility curve for results helps to visualize how solubility changes with temperature.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of states of matter, including melting, freezing, boiling, and evaporation. Explore the energy changes that occur during state transitions and understand key definitions related to solutions and solubility. Test your knowledge on the behavior of particles in different states and their interactions.