PHILO 11.05 - The Leviathan
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of the state of nature according to the text?

  • Peace, social order, and justice are possible (correct)
  • Property is a non-existent concept
  • Force and fraud are the cardinal virtues
  • It is a constant state of war and insecurity

    • What is the primary motivation for human behavior in the state of nature?

  • Pursuit of knowledge and enlightenment
  • Adherence to moral and ethical principles
  • Preservation of one's own life (correct)
  • Altruism and concern for others

    • What is the essential characteristic of the 'Right of Nature' (Jus Naturale)?

  • The pursuit of collective well-being
  • The duty to respect others' rights
  • The absence of impediments or hindrances (correct)
  • The adherence to a common moral code

    • Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the state of nature, according to the text?

    <p>It is possible to be a good person and act ethically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for individuals to lay down their rights in the state of nature?

    <p>To limit their liberty in exchange for security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best represents the author's view of human nature in the state of nature?

    <p>Short, uncivilized, and animalistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Hobbes, what is the principal cause of quarrel among men?

    <p>The pursuit of glory arising from the equality of hope in attaining one's ends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered an essential component of human interactions and societal harmony according to Hobbes?

    <p>Absolute obedience to a sovereign authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Hobbes suggest is necessary for the sake of peace and reconciliation?

    <p>Accommodating oneself to others and pardoning past offenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between justice and covenants?

    <p>Justice depends on antecedent covenants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Hobbes suggest is the basis for the laws of nature that govern human behavior?

    <p>The principles of justice, gratitude, and mutual accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Hobbes's conception of the state of nature, what is the primary motivation for individuals?

    <p>Self-preservation and the attainment of individual desires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of a 'covenant' in Hobbes's philosophy?

    <p>A covenant is a mutual transferring of rights between individuals through a contract on one's self.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the establishment of a central authority or 'Leviathan'?

    <p>To protect individuals from the miserable condition of war in the state of nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the 'Laws of Nature' in Hobbes's philosophy?

    <p>The Laws of Nature are the precepts or general rules found out by reason in the state of nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between the 'Leviathan' and the individuals in the commonwealth?

    <p>The Leviathan is a product of the individuals' consent, and they confer their strength and liberty to its will.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the role of words and fear in the state of nature?

    <p>Words are too weak to enforce covenants in the state of nature, and a common greater fear is needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the purpose of the 'Leviathan' in relation to the preservation of peace and order?

    <p>The Leviathan has the discretion to determine the most effective way to preserve peace and order, and its decisions must be followed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The State of Nature

    • The state of nature is a constant war, where individuals are insecure and kill others before they get killed.
    • In this state, peace, social order, and justice are impossible, and nothing is considered unjust.
    • Force and fraud are the primary virtues in this state.

    Key Characteristics of the State of Nature

    • No common power or law exists, leading to no distinction between right and wrong.
    • Property is non-existent, and individuals can plunder, steal, and do as they please.
    • Being a "good person" is not possible in this state.

    The Right of Nature

    • The right of nature is the liberty individuals have to use their power to preserve their lives.
    • It is the absence of impediments, hindrances, or obstacles to individual freedom.

    Important Definitions

    • Jus Naturale: The right of nature, inherent to every person in the state of nature.
    • Liberty is used for self-preservation through judgment and reason.

    The Leviathan

    • The Leviathan is a text that discusses the natural condition of mankind, emphasizing equality among humans in physical and mental faculties.
    • The text highlights the causes of conflict and self-preservation, including competition, diffidence, and the pursuit of glory.
    • It explores the concepts of covenants, justice, and gratitude as essential components of human interactions and societal harmony.

    Laws of Nature

    • Laws of nature are precepts or general rules found through reason, guiding human behavior in the state of nature.
    • Justice depends on antecedent covenants, and gratitude depends on antecedent grace.

    Covenants and Contracts

    • A covenant is not possible in the state of nature, as words are too weak and insecure.
    • A contract is the mutual transferring of right, but individuals cannot make an agreement with themselves in the state of nature.
    • A central authority is needed to uphold covenants and hold people accountable.

    The Leviathan (State)

    • The Leviathan is a central authority that holds people to their covenants, ensuring peace and order.
    • It is the product of people's consent, where they confer their strength and liberty into one will.
    • The Leviathan has the discretion to preserve peace and order, and its authority is respected, even if the person holding the position changes.

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    The Leviathan Template PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the concept of the state of nature and justice based on the idea that in a situation of anarchy, people are predisposed to war due to insecurities. Explore the themes of peace, social order, and fairness within this theoretical framework.

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