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Questions and Answers
What is the primary structural difference between amylose and amylopectin?
What is the primary structural difference between amylose and amylopectin?
- Amylose consists solely of a(1-6) linkages.
- Amylose is a linear polysaccharide linked by a(1-4) linkages while amylopectin is branched. (correct)
- Amylose is branched while amylopectin is linear.
- Amylose has a higher glucose unit count than amylopectin.
Which enzyme specifically hydrolyzes a(1-6) linkages found in amylopectin?
Which enzyme specifically hydrolyzes a(1-6) linkages found in amylopectin?
- Pullulanase (correct)
- Isoamylase (correct)
- Alpha-amylase
- Beta-amylase
During starch hydrolysis, what type of product is primarily produced by alpha-amylase?
During starch hydrolysis, what type of product is primarily produced by alpha-amylase?
- D-glucose
- Limit dextrins (correct)
- Maltotriose
- Maltose
Which of the following accurately describes the frequency of branch points in glycogen compared to amylopectin?
Which of the following accurately describes the frequency of branch points in glycogen compared to amylopectin?
What is a characteristic of beta-amylase in starch hydrolysis?
What is a characteristic of beta-amylase in starch hydrolysis?
Which of the following accurately describes the role of glycogen in animal cells?
Which of the following accurately describes the role of glycogen in animal cells?
Which of the following properties relates to glucan enzymes in the context of starch hydrolysis?
Which of the following properties relates to glucan enzymes in the context of starch hydrolysis?
What type of linkages do dextrins primarily consist of after amylase action on starch?
What type of linkages do dextrins primarily consist of after amylase action on starch?
Which derivative of monosaccharide features an amino group replacing a hydroxyl group at the 2nd carbon?
Which derivative of monosaccharide features an amino group replacing a hydroxyl group at the 2nd carbon?
What type of sugar acid is produced by the oxidation of the carbonyl carbon?
What type of sugar acid is produced by the oxidation of the carbonyl carbon?
Which sugar alcohol is produced from the reduction of mannose?
Which sugar alcohol is produced from the reduction of mannose?
Which statement accurately describes amino sugars?
Which statement accurately describes amino sugars?
What is the primary function of protein kinases in the context of sugar phosphates?
What is the primary function of protein kinases in the context of sugar phosphates?
Which of the following is a sugar acid produced by oxidizing both the carbonyl carbon and the last hydroxyl carbon?
Which of the following is a sugar acid produced by oxidizing both the carbonyl carbon and the last hydroxyl carbon?
What is a characteristic feature of sugar phosphates?
What is a characteristic feature of sugar phosphates?
Which derivative of monosaccharide is formed by the reduction of glucose?
Which derivative of monosaccharide is formed by the reduction of glucose?
Which amino sugar is specifically referred to as N-acetyl-glucosamine?
Which amino sugar is specifically referred to as N-acetyl-glucosamine?
What property differentiates reducing disaccharides from non-reducing disaccharides?
What property differentiates reducing disaccharides from non-reducing disaccharides?
Which glycosidic bond linkage is formed between the glucose units in maltose?
Which glycosidic bond linkage is formed between the glucose units in maltose?
Which enzyme is responsible for hydrolyzing sucrose into its constituent monosaccharides?
Which enzyme is responsible for hydrolyzing sucrose into its constituent monosaccharides?
Sialic acid is derived from which type of compound?
Sialic acid is derived from which type of compound?
What type of glycosidic linkage is not found in sucrose?
What type of glycosidic linkage is not found in sucrose?
Which of the following disaccharides does not have a free reducing group?
Which of the following disaccharides does not have a free reducing group?
Which of the following tenets defines glycosidic bond nomenclature?
Which of the following tenets defines glycosidic bond nomenclature?
What structural feature differentiates cellulose from starch and glycogen?
What structural feature differentiates cellulose from starch and glycogen?
Which of the following correctly describes the enzymatic limitations of humans regarding cellulose?
Which of the following correctly describes the enzymatic limitations of humans regarding cellulose?
How does dietary fiber, such as cellulose, affect the absorption of nutrients in humans?
How does dietary fiber, such as cellulose, affect the absorption of nutrients in humans?
What is the primary structural difference between chitin and cellulose?
What is the primary structural difference between chitin and cellulose?
What is the primary function of dextrans in dental health?
What is the primary function of dextrans in dental health?
What does inulin primarily serve as in various plant species?
What does inulin primarily serve as in various plant species?
Which bond type connects fructose molecules in inulin?
Which bond type connects fructose molecules in inulin?
For what physiological measurement is inulin primarily used?
For what physiological measurement is inulin primarily used?
What type of glycosidic linkage connects the two monosaccharides in lactose?
What type of glycosidic linkage connects the two monosaccharides in lactose?
Which enzyme hydrolyzes glycogen and starch to glucose in the intestinal tract?
Which enzyme hydrolyzes glycogen and starch to glucose in the intestinal tract?
What distinguishes heteropolysaccharides from homopolysaccharides?
What distinguishes heteropolysaccharides from homopolysaccharides?
What is the primary function of cellulose in plants?
What is the primary function of cellulose in plants?
What is the correct ratio of amylose to amylopectin in starch granules?
What is the correct ratio of amylose to amylopectin in starch granules?
Which of the following statements about homopolysaccharides is correct?
Which of the following statements about homopolysaccharides is correct?
What type of polysaccharides do not typically contain more than two different types of monosaccharide units?
What type of polysaccharides do not typically contain more than two different types of monosaccharide units?
Which of the following polysaccharides is primarily associated with energy storage in animals?
Which of the following polysaccharides is primarily associated with energy storage in animals?
Which statement accurately describes glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?
Which statement accurately describes glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?
What is the primary function of salivary amylase during the digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth?
What is the primary function of salivary amylase during the digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth?
Why does carbohydrate digestion temporarily halt in the stomach?
Why does carbohydrate digestion temporarily halt in the stomach?
What activates salivary amylase for carbohydrate digestion in the mouth?
What activates salivary amylase for carbohydrate digestion in the mouth?
Which enzymes are responsible for the final hydrolysis of di- and oligosaccharides into monosaccharides in the small intestine?
Which enzymes are responsible for the final hydrolysis of di- and oligosaccharides into monosaccharides in the small intestine?
What is the primary product of the action of pancreatic amylase on dextrins?
What is the primary product of the action of pancreatic amylase on dextrins?
Which amino sugar is most commonly found in glycosaminoglycans?
Which amino sugar is most commonly found in glycosaminoglycans?
Which of the following statements correctly identifies a property of GAGs?
Which of the following statements correctly identifies a property of GAGs?
Flashcards
What is Glucose-6-Phosphate?
What is Glucose-6-Phosphate?
A phosphate group is attached to the 6th carbon of glucose, forming glucose-6-phosphate. This reaction is catalyzed by protein kinases using ATP as a phosphate donor.
What is Sorbitol?
What is Sorbitol?
A reduced form of glucose, where the carbonyl group is converted to a hydroxyl group. Often found in fruits and used as a sugar substitute.
What are Sugar Acids?
What are Sugar Acids?
Monosaccharides with a carboxylic acid group instead of a hydroxyl group. Produced by oxidation, and can be categorized based on the oxidized carbon.
What is an Aldonic Acid?
What is an Aldonic Acid?
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What is a Uronic Acid?
What is a Uronic Acid?
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What are Deoxy Sugars?
What are Deoxy Sugars?
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What are Amino Sugars?
What are Amino Sugars?
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What is B-D-2-deoxyglucose?
What is B-D-2-deoxyglucose?
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Glucosamine
Glucosamine
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Amino Sugar Acids
Amino Sugar Acids
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O-Glycosidic Linkage
O-Glycosidic Linkage
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N-Glycosidic Linkage
N-Glycosidic Linkage
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Disaccharide
Disaccharide
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Reducing Disaccharide
Reducing Disaccharide
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Non-reducing Disaccharide
Non-reducing Disaccharide
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Sucrose
Sucrose
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What is lactose?
What is lactose?
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What are homopolysaccharides?
What are homopolysaccharides?
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What are heteropolysaccharides?
What are heteropolysaccharides?
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What is glycogen?
What is glycogen?
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What is cellulose?
What is cellulose?
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What is starch?
What is starch?
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What is amylose?
What is amylose?
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What is amylopectin?
What is amylopectin?
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What are Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?
What are Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?
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Name some important Glycosaminoglycans.
Name some important Glycosaminoglycans.
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α-Amylase
α-Amylase
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β-Amylase
β-Amylase
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Isoamylase
Isoamylase
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Glucan (14)-α-glucosidase
Glucan (14)-α-glucosidase
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Glycogen
Glycogen
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Glycogenolysis
Glycogenolysis
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Branching in glycogen
Branching in glycogen
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Glycogenesis
Glycogenesis
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What is Chitin?
What is Chitin?
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What are Dextrans?
What are Dextrans?
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What are Dextrins?
What are Dextrins?
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What is Inulin?
What is Inulin?
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What is Dietary Fiber?
What is Dietary Fiber?
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What is the importance of Cellulose in humans?
What is the importance of Cellulose in humans?
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Study Notes
Carbohydrate Chemistry
- Carbohydrates are a class of organic compounds, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
- Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates, consisting of a single sugar unit.
- Disaccharides are formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides.
- Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides.
Derivatives of Monosaccharides
- Sugar phosphates are formed by the addition of a phosphate group.
- Sugar alcohols are formed by the reduction of the carbonyl group in a sugar.
- Sugar acids are formed by the oxidation of a carbonyl or hydroxyl group.
- Deoxy sugars have a hydroxyl group replaced by a hydrogen atom.
- Amino sugars have a hydroxyl group replaced by an amino group.
Sugar Acids
- Oxidation at carbon 1 yields aldonic acids (e.g., gluconic acid)
- Oxidation at carbon 6 yields uronic acids (e.g., glucuronic acid)
- Oxidation at both carbon 1 and 6 yields aldaric acids (e.g., glucaric acid).
Sugar Alcohols
- Monosaccharides can be reduced to sugar alcohols at the carbonyl carbon.
- Glucose is reduced to glucitol (sorbitol).
- Galactose is reduced to galactitol (dulcitol).
- Fructose is reduced to mannitol.
Deoxy Sugars
- A hydroxyl group in a sugar may be replaced by a hydrogen atom to create a deoxy sugar.
- Deoxyribose is present in ATP and DNA.
- L-Fucose is found in glycoproteins.
Amino Sugars
- Hydroxyl group attached to carbon 2 is replaced by an amino or acetyl-amino group.
- Amino sugars are components of glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans, and some antibiotics.
- Glucosamine, galactosamine, and mannosamine are major amino sugars. Sialic acid is a nine-carbon compound derived from the hexosamines.
Glycosidic Bonds
- Glycosidic bonds are formed between the anomeric carbon of one sugar and a hydroxyl group of another sugar.
- Glycosidic bonds are named by the numbers of connected carbons (e.g., α(1→4)).
- α-linkages and β-linkages are possible depending on the configuration of the anomeric carbon.
Disaccharides
- Disaccharides are composed of two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond.
- They can be classified as reducing or non-reducing disaccharides depending on the availability of a free reducing group.
- Common disaccharides include maltose, lactose, and sucrose.
Polysaccharides
- Homopolysaccharides contain only one type of monosaccharide unit.
- Cellulose, glycogen and starches are known examples.
- Heteropolysaccharides contain two or more types of monosaccharide units
- Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are important examples of heteropolysaccharides. They have acidic sugars (e.g. glucuronic and iduronic acids) and amino sugars (e.g. glucosamine and galactosamine) alternating in the chain.
- They play structural roles in connective tissues
Starch
- A polysaccharide composed of amylose and amylopectin.
- Amylose is a linear polymer of glucose units linked by α(1–4) glycosidic bonds.
- Amylopectin is a branched polymer of glucose units linked primarily by α(1–4) glycosidic bonds, but has branch points with α(1–6) bonds.
Glycogen
- A branched polymer of glucose, used as an energy storage compound in animals.
- Resembles amylopectin but with a more branched structure (branching points occur more frequently).
Cellulose
- An unbranched polymer of glucose units linked by β(1–4) glycosidic bonds.
- Cellulose cannot be digested by most humans. Its structure makes it an important component of plant walls..
Chitin
- A linear homopolysaccharide consisting of N-acetyl glucosamine units with β(1–4) linkages.
- Used by many arthropods as a structural component of their exoskeletons.
Dextrans and Dextrins
- Dextrans are microbial polysaccharides made of glucose units.
- Dextrins result from partial hydrolysis of starch.
Inulin
- A fructose-based polysaccharide stored in some plants
- Used in biomedical and physiological investigations.
Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase.
- Pancreatic amylase continues starch digestion in the small intestine.
- Further digestive enzymes like the a- and β- glucosidases work in the small intestine to create monosaccharides.
- Monosaccharides are absorbed in the small intestine via transporter proteins like SGLTs and GLUTs.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the structural differences between amylose and amylopectin, their hydrolysis processes, and the role of enzymes involved in starch breakdown. This quiz covers key concepts related to carbohydrates in biochemistry.
