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Questions and Answers
Which toxin produced by streptococcus is associated with the symptoms of scarlet fever?
Which toxin produced by streptococcus is associated with the symptoms of scarlet fever?
What is blennorrhoea primarily associated with?
What is blennorrhoea primarily associated with?
Which microorganism is the most common cause of pneumonia worldwide?
Which microorganism is the most common cause of pneumonia worldwide?
What type of media is primarily used for growing the causative agent of meningococcal meningitis?
What type of media is primarily used for growing the causative agent of meningococcal meningitis?
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Which stage of whooping cough is considered the most infectious?
Which stage of whooping cough is considered the most infectious?
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What describes the immunity achieved after infection with gonorrhea?
What describes the immunity achieved after infection with gonorrhea?
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Which of the following is a major feature of Streptococcus species?
Which of the following is a major feature of Streptococcus species?
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Which of the following is NOT a recognized causative agent of phlegmon?
Which of the following is NOT a recognized causative agent of phlegmon?
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Which type of immunity is primarily involved in the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Which type of immunity is primarily involved in the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
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What is the role of tuberculin when tuberculosis infection sensitizes the body?
What is the role of tuberculin when tuberculosis infection sensitizes the body?
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How should the BCG vaccine be administered to effectively prevent tuberculosis?
How should the BCG vaccine be administered to effectively prevent tuberculosis?
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Which staining method is used to identify tuberculosis bacteria?
Which staining method is used to identify tuberculosis bacteria?
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What is the causative agent of leprosy?
What is the causative agent of leprosy?
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How is the plague primarily transmitted to humans?
How is the plague primarily transmitted to humans?
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Which feature distinguishes the pathogenic factor of the plague pathogen?
Which feature distinguishes the pathogenic factor of the plague pathogen?
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What is characteristic of the coloring feature of the plague pathogen when stained?
What is characteristic of the coloring feature of the plague pathogen when stained?
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Which method is used to identify the toxin from Clostridium?
Which method is used to identify the toxin from Clostridium?
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On which nutrient medium are clostridia typically grown?
On which nutrient medium are clostridia typically grown?
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What is the main factor of pathogenicity for the causative agent of tetanus?
What is the main factor of pathogenicity for the causative agent of tetanus?
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Which statement is true regarding primary syphilis?
Which statement is true regarding primary syphilis?
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During which stage of syphilis are mucocutaneous lesions most commonly observed?
During which stage of syphilis are mucocutaneous lesions most commonly observed?
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Tertiary syphilis is primarily characterized by the formation of:
Tertiary syphilis is primarily characterized by the formation of:
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In syphilis, the primary source of infection is:
In syphilis, the primary source of infection is:
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How can one determine if a baby was infected with syphilis in utero?
How can one determine if a baby was infected with syphilis in utero?
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Study Notes
Cultural Characteristics of S. aureus
- S. aureus colonies grown on yolk-salt agar can be small with a cloudy area, gold with a cloudy area, small shiny colonies, transparent blue colonies, or dense small white colonies.
Scalded Skin Syndrome
- Scalded skin syndrome is caused by exotoxins (exfoliatins) produced by Staphylococcus aureus.
Staphylococcal Pemphigus in Newborns
- The most important factor in staphylococcal pemphigus in newborns is exfoliatin.
Pathogenic Factors in Staphylococcal Infections
- In staphylococcal infections caused by S. aureus, coagulase is a permanent enzyme.
Microbiological Diagnosis of Staphylococcal Sepsis
- Blood culture on Endo medium is used for diagnosing staphylococcal sepsis.
Staphylococcus Morphology
- Prepared smears of staphylococcus appear as gram-positive clusters of cocci.
Exfoliatin-Producing Staphylococci
- Staphylococci that produce exfoliatin can cause scarlet fever.
Identifying Staphylococcus aureus
- To identify isolated Staphylococcus aureus, a coagulase test is used.
Gram-Positive Bacteria Causing Hospital Acquired Infections
- Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacterium that commonly causes hospital-acquired infections.
Intraspecific Identification of Staphylococcus
- For intraspecific identification of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus isolated from vomit, sour cream, or cottage cheese, methods like determining hemolytic properties, culturing on yolk-salt agar and performing agglutination or saccharolytic activity tests could be used.
Toxins of Streptococci
- Streptococci can produce toxins like exfoliatin, enterotoxin, cytotoxin.
Bacteria Producing Alpha Hemolysis
- Streptococcus pneumoniae produce alpha hemolysis on blood agar.
Stable Immunity Following Streptococcal Diseases
- Stable immunity is formed after illnesses caused by streptococci, such as rheumatic fever, chronic tonsillitis, and glomerulonephritis.
Most Common Cause of Pneumonia
- Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of pneumonia worldwide.
Microbiological Diagnosis of Scarlet Fever
- For diagnosing scarlet fever, a blood culture or microscopic examination of material from the throat is required.
Streptococcus Species' Production
- Streptococcus produces catalase, enterotoxin, urease. and hyaluronidase.
Neonatal Meningitis Pathogen
- Streptococcus agalactiae can cause neonatal meningitis by infecting the fetus during birth.
Morphological Features of N. meningitidis
- N. meningitidis have gram-negative diplococci morphology.
Meningococcal Meningitis Cultivation Medium
- The causative agent of meningococcal meningitis grows on Bismuth-sulfite medium, Saburo medium, Serum medium, Rappaport medium, Ploskirev medium.
Meningococcal Infection Genus
- The causative agent of meningococcal infection is from the genus Neisseria.
Gonorrhea Diagnosis
- Diagnosis of acute gonorrhea is primarily determined by bacteriological methods, sometimes with agglutination reaction.
Whooping Cough Infective Stage
- The most infectious stage of whooping cough is the paroxysmal stage.
Pathological Material for Whooping Cough
- Nasopharyngeal mucus is the correct sample for bacteriological examination in whooping cough.
Whooping Cough Pathogenesis
- In whooping cough pathogenesis, nasopharyngeal mucus is important.
Capsule Formation and Invasion Enzymes
- Bacterial capsule formation and invasion enzymes are factors in the pathogenesis of certain diseases.
MMR Vaccine Type
- MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine.
Whooping Cough Prophylaxis Vaccines
- DPT vaccine is available for whooping cough prophylaxis.
Bacillus-Characteristic Arrangement
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a characteristic of Chinese letter arrangement of bacilli, which is a distinguishable feature in their appearance under the microscope, similar to Chinese characters.
Diphtheria Pathogenesis
- Diphtheria is an example of bacteraemia, a pathogenic condition involving the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream.
Diphtheria-Associated Agent
- Corynebacterium diphtheria is the causative agent of diphtheria.
Diphtheria-Affected Site
- The upper respiratory tract is the most common site affected by Corynebacterium diphtheria.
Diphtheria Pathogenicity Factor
- The primary factor affecting the pathogenicity of C.diphtheriae is the production of diphtheria toxin.
Selective Medium for Diphtheria Isolation
- A Tellurite Blood Agar is a selective medium used for isolation of C.diphtheriae bacteria.
Uneven Coloring in Diphtheria
- Uneven coloring of diphtheria by aniline dyes is due to the presence of high amounts of volutin grains, which accumulate and stain unevenly, giving the bacteria an inconsistent appearance.
Diphtheria Toxin Demonstration
- The Schick reaction is the method for demonstrating diphtheria toxin production by the bacteria.
Example of Neutralization/Immunological Tests
- The Schick test is an example of a neutralization test for serological studies of diphtheria.
Enterobacteria Appearance in Smears
- Enterobacteria in prepared smears are presented as gram-negative bacilli.
Differential Diagnostic Media for Enterobacteria
- Endo, MacConkey, and Levine yolk-salt agar are diagnostic mediums for enteric bacteria.
E. coli Antigen Components
- E. coli O antigens are components of the cell wall lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
E. coli Morphology
- E.coli is gram-negative bacilli that form a chain-like arrangement under a microscope.
E. coli Pathogenicity Factors
- Enterotoxin (among others) is a major pathogenicity factor of Escherichia coli.
Biochemical Properties of Escherichia coli
- E. coli is known to produce ammonia and ferment lactose to produce acid and gas.
E. coli Colony Appearance on Endo Medium
- E. coli colonies growing on Endo medium appear as dark red metallic sheen.
Ascending Urinary Tract Infections
- Bacteria commonly causing ascending urinary tract infections include: Serracia marcescens, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pnuemoniae. and Escherichia coli.
E. coli Antigens
- E. coli has O, N, K antigens and H, and Vi antigens, which are critical in its identification and characterization.
Intestinal Infection Causatives and Spread
- Causative agents of intestinal infections spread by aerosols.
Final Identification of Enterobacteriaceae
- Enterobacteriaceae are identified through biochemical research, polyvalent/monovalent serum agglutination reaction, growing on a differential-diagnostic medium, or microscopic examination.
Determining Biochemical Properties of Enteropathogenic E. coli
- Enteropathogenic E. coli's biochemical properties are determined using short Hiss series, which tests for the fermentation of lactose, glucose, mannitol, and maltose to acid and/or gas.
Antibiotic Resistance in Shigella
- Shigella's antibiotic resistance is associated with R-plasmids, RNA transmission, and genetic recombination.
Shigella Sensitivity to Disinfectants and Gastric Juice
- Shigella is not sensitive to disinfectants and the action of gastric juice, in that it survives in these conditions that would normally eliminate most pathogens from the body.
Identifying Shigella Colonies
- On MacConkey agar, Shigella colonies appear as greenish beige or colorless small colonies, with some exhibiting a red metallic sheen.
Shigella Classification
- Shigella's classification is primarily based on tinctorial features, biochemical properties or ability to produce toxins, antigenic structure or morphological features.
Salmonella Serological Properties Identification
- Kauffmann-White scheme is used for identifying Salmonella based on their serological properties.
Salmonella Cultivation Medium
- Selenite broth is a suitable medium for Salmonella cultivation.
Typhoid Fever Identification
- Typhoid fever is diagnosed by isolating blood cultures or using a Widal reaction with the O-antigen.
Typhoid Fever and Stool Culture
- Stool is cultivated to identify typhoid fever.
Typhoid Fever Carrier Identification
- Identification of typhoid fever carriers involves a statement of Vi hemagglutination and a Vidal reaction (along with other tests, depending on the presence of certain bacterial antigens) with O-diagnostics, stool culture or sowing stool onto a nutrient medium.
Typhoid Fever Immunity
- Typhoid fever immunity is long-lasting and stable.
Obtaining Blood Cultures for Typhoid
- Blood cultures for typhoid fever are typically obtained in the first week.
Typhoid Antigens
- Typhoid causative agents have antigens, some commonly used to detect the presence of the causative agent in patients.
Anthrax Vaccine
- Live vaccine STI, anthrax antitoxin, and immunoglobulin are used in preventing anthrax or preventing the spread of infection.
Anthrax Diagnosis Using Microscopy and Assays
- Anthrax diagnosis can be done through microscopy techniques, specifically on prepared samples using a biological assay, or through other methods such as microbiological assays; blood cultures, or Widal's reaction tests.
Anthrax Colony Appearance
- Anthrax colonies usually resemble a "tennis racket" shape, although other appearances are possible, depending on the medium.
Anthrax Causative Agent and Classification
- The causative agent of anthrax belongs to the Bacillaceae Family.
Identifying Anthrax Causative Agent Based on Morphology
- The causative agent of anthrax is Bacilli.
Anthrax Prevention
- Anthrax prevention is achieved via use of anthrax immunoglobulin, anthrax antitoxin, and bacteriolysin. Additional preventative procedures may include vaccination or phage-based treatments.
Anthrax Pathogenicity Factors
- Anthrax pathogenicity results from factors like adhesion, colonization, enterotoxin production, invasion, which also involve histamine-sensitizing factor and endotoxins (and other components).
Anthrax Diagnosis Using Ascoli's Test
- Ascoli's test is used in the expressed diagnosis of anthrax.
Tetanus Diagnosis Methods
- The bacteriologic, bacterioscopic, and complement fixation reaction methods are used to detect tetanus.
Tetanus Pathogenicity Factor
- Tetanospasmin and its similar toxin are chief contributing factors to the pathogenicity of tetanus.
Clostridium Growth Medium
- Endo agar, Yolk-salt agar, Bordel-Gengou medium, and other mediums are often used for cultivating and isolating clostridia.
Primary Syphilis Characteristics
- Primary syphilis is defined by a painless chancre at the site of inoculation, which can develop into a highly contagious cutaneous form.
Syphilis Mucocutaneous Stage
- Mucocutaneous lesions are typically observed in the secondary stage of syphilis, not the primary one.
Syphilis Diagnosis Via Determining Specific IgM
- Testing of IgM in a child's blood is used to determine if a baby was infected by syphilis in the womb, rather than after birth.
Syphilis Tertiary Stage Markers
- Tertiary syphilis is characterized by the appearance of gummy infiltrates.
Syphilis Source of Infection
- The source of syphilis infection includes infected people.
Tularemia Factors Affecting Its Progression
- The progression of tularemia infection is influenced by the source or route of infection, the presence of certain virulence factors or antigens, and the response of the body's immune system.
Tularemia Respiratory Type
- Tularemia causative agents are facultative aerobes.
Tularemia Infection Source
- Rodents (among others) are a major source of tularemia infection, in which they carry the bacterium and can transmit it through various vectors.
Tularemia Infection Development by Route
- When infection occurs through the alimentary route, tularemia develops into an intestinal form, a common pathogenic condition associated with consumption of contaminated food/water.
Tularemia Prophylaxis
- Killed vaccine is used for the prophylaxis of tularemia.
Tularemia Diagnosis
- Microbiological diagnosis, specifically with microscopy-based examination of blood smears (and possibly other methods depending on the situation and available resources), as well as the use of tests like the Widal reaction, are often used for tularemia diagnosis.
Other Diseases and Factors
- The provided text covers a wide array of diseases and factors impacting bacterial infections. These include methods for identifying specific bacteria, their virulence, immunologic responses in preventing infection or in aiding diagnosis, geographic or transmission-related factors, as well as the appropriate mediums or circumstances required for cultivating certain types of bacteria.
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Description
This quiz covers the characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus, its role in scalded skin syndrome, and its pathogenic factors. It also addresses microbiological diagnosis techniques, including the identification of staphylococcal infections and relevant toxins produced by the bacteria. Test your knowledge on these vital microbiological concepts!
