Podcast
Questions and Answers
In a standard growth curve, what phase represents when the number of cells growing and dying are equal?
In a standard growth curve, what phase represents when the number of cells growing and dying are equal?
- Log Phase
- Lag Phase
- Stationary Phase (correct)
- Death Phase
Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction: H2O2 + 2H+ -> 2H2O
Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction: H2O2 + 2H+ -> 2H2O
- Catalase (correct)
- Amylase
- Ligase
- Helicase
In a figure/graph, which line best depicts a psychtroph incubated at 0°C?
In a figure/graph, which line best depicts a psychtroph incubated at 0°C?
- The line that has no increase
- The line that is gradually increasing (correct)
- The line that is decreasing
- The line that is exponentially increasing
A media that has a pH indicator and a high salt concentration can likely _____ the growth of most bacteria.
A media that has a pH indicator and a high salt concentration can likely _____ the growth of most bacteria.
Which is NOT a direct measurement of microbial growth?
Which is NOT a direct measurement of microbial growth?
Which one is a complex medium?
Which one is a complex medium?
A sample of ocean water is tested for its bacterial content in a plate count assay. A one-milliliter sample of the water is diluted in a 1:10 dilution series. 0.1 milliliter of the second dilution tube is plated in a pour plate. After incubation, the plate has 191 colonies, indicating that the original water sample contained
A sample of ocean water is tested for its bacterial content in a plate count assay. A one-milliliter sample of the water is diluted in a 1:10 dilution series. 0.1 milliliter of the second dilution tube is plated in a pour plate. After incubation, the plate has 191 colonies, indicating that the original water sample contained
If 100 colonies are on a 1:1000 dilution plate, how many bacteria/mL were in the original sample?
If 100 colonies are on a 1:1000 dilution plate, how many bacteria/mL were in the original sample?
For which of the following types of microbes would a microbiologist employ living host cells to support their growth?
For which of the following types of microbes would a microbiologist employ living host cells to support their growth?
Which of the following pairs of microbe classification terms and optimal growth temperatures is mismatched?
Which of the following pairs of microbe classification terms and optimal growth temperatures is mismatched?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the culture medium necessary for growing an obligate anaerobe, such as Clostridium tetani?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the culture medium necessary for growing an obligate anaerobe, such as Clostridium tetani?
Which medium (or media) would an autotroph grow but a heterotroph could not?
Which medium (or media) would an autotroph grow but a heterotroph could not?
Bacteria that can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen (O2) are called __________.
Bacteria that can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen (O2) are called __________.
An isolated colony on a streak plate contains millions (or even billions) of identical cells all arising from one initial cell.
An isolated colony on a streak plate contains millions (or even billions) of identical cells all arising from one initial cell.
Which biosafety level (BSL) is appropriate for handling organisms that present a moderate risk of infection?
Which biosafety level (BSL) is appropriate for handling organisms that present a moderate risk of infection?
Microbes have very narrow optimum temperature ranges. Which of the following classifications of microbes are most likely to cause human disease, based on their temperature requirements?
Microbes have very narrow optimum temperature ranges. Which of the following classifications of microbes are most likely to cause human disease, based on their temperature requirements?
Which of the following phases of the bacterial growth curve is matched with the correct definition?
Which of the following phases of the bacterial growth curve is matched with the correct definition?
The chemical requirements for microbial growth include carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Why do all cells need nitrogen?
The chemical requirements for microbial growth include carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Why do all cells need nitrogen?
which line best depicts an obligate anaerobe in the presence of O2?
which line best depicts an obligate anaerobe in the presence of O2?
Which of the following statements regarding infections involving biofilms is FALSE?
Which of the following statements regarding infections involving biofilms is FALSE?
Salts and sugars work to preserve foods by creating a
Salts and sugars work to preserve foods by creating a
Which of the following methods used to count microbes is correctly identified as direct or indirect?
Which of the following methods used to count microbes is correctly identified as direct or indirect?
Three cells with generation times of 60 minutes are inoculated into a culture medium. Assuming no lag phase takes place, how many cells are there after 5 hours?
Three cells with generation times of 60 minutes are inoculated into a culture medium. Assuming no lag phase takes place, how many cells are there after 5 hours?
Which process is best for the short-term storage of bacterial cultures?
Which process is best for the short-term storage of bacterial cultures?
Which of the following is an advantage of the direct microscopic count?
Which of the following is an advantage of the direct microscopic count?
Assume you inoculated 100 facultatively anaerobic cells onto nutrient agar and incubated the plate aerobically. You then inoculated 100 cells of the same species onto nutrient agar and incubated the second plate anaerobically. After incubation for 24 hours, you should have
Assume you inoculated 100 facultatively anaerobic cells onto nutrient agar and incubated the plate aerobically. You then inoculated 100 cells of the same species onto nutrient agar and incubated the second plate anaerobically. After incubation for 24 hours, you should have
The term trace elements refers to
The term trace elements refers to
Which one of the following temperatures would most likely kill a mesophile?
Which one of the following temperatures would most likely kill a mesophile?
Which of the following is not a characteristic of biofilms?
Which of the following is not a characteristic of biofilms?
Which of the following types of media would not be used to culture aerobes?
Which of the following types of media would not be used to culture aerobes?
An organism that has peroxidase and superoxide dismutase but lacks catalase is most likely an
An organism that has peroxidase and superoxide dismutase but lacks catalase is most likely an
The process of destroying pathogenic microorganisms from skin or living tissue is called?
The process of destroying pathogenic microorganisms from skin or living tissue is called?
Which phase of the Microbial Growth Curve represents a period when the number of viable cells remains relatively constant?
Which phase of the Microbial Growth Curve represents a period when the number of viable cells remains relatively constant?
What are examples of chemical agents that can influence microbial death?
What are examples of chemical agents that can influence microbial death?
If a population of 1 million bacteria is treated with an antimicrobial chemical, and after 3 minutes only 1,000 bacteria are left alive, what percentage of the population was killed per minute?
If a population of 1 million bacteria is treated with an antimicrobial chemical, and after 3 minutes only 1,000 bacteria are left alive, what percentage of the population was killed per minute?
How does the death rate of bacteria change as the treatment time increases?
How does the death rate of bacteria change as the treatment time increases?
Which phase of the bacterial growth curve would be affected by an antimicrobial treatment that rapidly kills the majority of the population?
Which phase of the bacterial growth curve would be affected by an antimicrobial treatment that rapidly kills the majority of the population?
What factor could influence the effectiveness of antimicrobial chemicals on bacterial populations?
What factor could influence the effectiveness of antimicrobial chemicals on bacterial populations?
If you have 1,000,000 cells, how many survivors would there be after x minutes ( what formula to use?)
If you have 1,000,000 cells, how many survivors would there be after x minutes ( what formula to use?)
Which one is the best example of sanitization?
Which one is the best example of sanitization?
Which is the best example of commercial sterilization?
Which is the best example of commercial sterilization?
Which is the best example of disinfectant?
Which is the best example of disinfectant?
What is the best example of sterilization?
What is the best example of sterilization?
What is the best example of degerming?
What is the best example of degerming?
What is the best example of antisepsis?
What is the best example of antisepsis?
A suspension of 10^6 Bacillus cereus endospores was put into hot air oven at 170 degrees Celsius. Plate count were used to determine the number of endosporees surviving at the time intervals shown. In a given figure/graph, what is the thermal death time?
For 106 Bacillus cereus it is 60
A suspension of 10^6 Bacillus cereus endospores was put into hot air oven at 170 degrees Celsius. Plate count were used to determine the number of endosporees surviving at the time intervals shown. In a given figure/graph, what is the thermal death time? For 106 Bacillus cereus it is 60
In a particular liquid culture, 100% of the microbes are killed by 12 minutes at 30 degrees Celsius. This is called...
In a particular liquid culture, 100% of the microbes are killed by 12 minutes at 30 degrees Celsius. This is called...
Which treatment is the most effective at controlling microbial growth?
Which treatment is the most effective at controlling microbial growth?
Which of the following disinfectants from a given list by disrupting the plasma membrane?
Which of the following disinfectants from a given list by disrupting the plasma membrane?
How does osmotic pressure provide microbial growth control?
How does osmotic pressure provide microbial growth control?
Which chemical method disrupts the plasma membrane?
Which chemical method disrupts the plasma membrane?
Which chemical method disrupts the proteins of the microbe?
Which chemical method disrupts the proteins of the microbe?
Which chemical method disrupts the DNA?
Which chemical method disrupts the DNA?
Describe binary fission
Describe binary fission
What do the macronutrients CHONPS stand for?
What do the macronutrients CHONPS stand for?
Why is CHONPS needed for the cell?
Why is CHONPS needed for the cell?
What does catalase do?
What does catalase do?
What is the importance of hydrogen peroxide?
What is the importance of hydrogen peroxide?
What is the importance of peroxidase?
What is the importance of peroxidase?
What is the importance of superoxide radicals?
What is the importance of superoxide radicals?
What is the importance of superoxide dismutase?
What is the importance of superoxide dismutase?
Match each method to whether or not it is a direct or indirect method
Match each method to whether or not it is a direct or indirect method
Match each method to whether or not it is a direct or indirect method
Match each method to whether or not it is a direct or indirect method
By deep-freezing, bacteria can be stored without harm for extended periods. Why do refrigeration and freezing preserve foods?
By deep-freezing, bacteria can be stored without harm for extended periods. Why do refrigeration and freezing preserve foods?
A pastry chef accidentally inoculated a cream pie with six S. aureus cells. If S. aureus has a generation time of 60 minutes, how many cells would be in the cream pie after 7 hours?
A pastry chef accidentally inoculated a cream pie with six S. aureus cells. If S. aureus has a generation time of 60 minutes, how many cells would be in the cream pie after 7 hours?
Nitrogen and phosphorus added to beaches following an oil spill encourage the growth of natural oil-degrading bacteria. Explain why the bacteria do not grow if nitrogen and phosphorus are not added.
Nitrogen and phosphorus added to beaches following an oil spill encourage the growth of natural oil-degrading bacteria. Explain why the bacteria do not grow if nitrogen and phosphorus are not added.
Which of the lines best depicts the log phase of a thermophile incubated at room temperature?
Which of the lines best depicts the log phase of a thermophile incubated at room temperature?
Which of the lines best depicts the log phase of Listeria monocytogenes growing in a human?
Which of the lines best depicts the log phase of Listeria monocytogenes growing in a human?
Which of the following does not kill endospores?
Which of the following does not kill endospores?
Which of the following is most effective for sterilizing mattresses and plastic Petri dishes?
Which of the following is most effective for sterilizing mattresses and plastic Petri dishes?
Which of these disinfectants does not act by disrupting the plasma membrane?
Which of these disinfectants does not act by disrupting the plasma membrane?
Which of the following cannot be used to sterilize a heat-labile solution stored in a plastic container?
Which of the following cannot be used to sterilize a heat-labile solution stored in a plastic container?
Which of the following is used to control microbial growth in foods?
Which of the following is used to control microbial growth in foods?
Which of the following is not a characteristic of quaternary ammonium compounds?
Which of the following is not a characteristic of quaternary ammonium compounds?
A classmate is trying to determine how a disinfectant might kill cells. You observed that when he spilled the disinfectant in your reduced litmus milk, the litmus turned blue again. You suggest to your classmate that
A classmate is trying to determine how a disinfectant might kill cells. You observed that when he spilled the disinfectant in your reduced litmus milk, the litmus turned blue again. You suggest to your classmate that
Which of the following is most likely to be bactericidal?
Which of the following is most likely to be bactericidal?
Gluteraldehyde is among the most effective chemical control agents because it __________.
Gluteraldehyde is among the most effective chemical control agents because it __________.
Prior to drawing blood for a blood donation, the nurse will clean the arm with a Betadine solution. This form of antimicrobial control is called __________.
Prior to drawing blood for a blood donation, the nurse will clean the arm with a Betadine solution. This form of antimicrobial control is called __________.
Consider various effects of moist and dry heat to control microbial growth. Which of the following methods would best reduce the number of microbes without altering the taste and chemical composition of beer?
Consider various effects of moist and dry heat to control microbial growth. Which of the following methods would best reduce the number of microbes without altering the taste and chemical composition of beer?
When microbial control methods are used, microbes are destroyed at a constant rate; there is no instantaneous death of all the microbes present. That microbial death rate is influenced by all of the following factors EXCEPT __________.
When microbial control methods are used, microbes are destroyed at a constant rate; there is no instantaneous death of all the microbes present. That microbial death rate is influenced by all of the following factors EXCEPT __________.
Microbial control methods usually target any of the following cellular components EXCEPT which one?
Microbial control methods usually target any of the following cellular components EXCEPT which one?
Contaminated hospital equipment represents a difficult environment to control harmful microbial growth. Regarding influences that affect disinfection of hospital equipment, which of the following is an accurate statement?
Contaminated hospital equipment represents a difficult environment to control harmful microbial growth. Regarding influences that affect disinfection of hospital equipment, which of the following is an accurate statement?
An agent used to reduce the number of bacteria on a toilet would most accurately be called a(n)
An agent used to reduce the number of bacteria on a toilet would most accurately be called a(n)
Each of the following chemicals is paired with an item that it can be used on for disinfection or antisepsis purposes. Which one is mismatched?
Each of the following chemicals is paired with an item that it can be used on for disinfection or antisepsis purposes. Which one is mismatched?
This graph shows a microbial death curve for a bacterial population subjected to a heat treatment. Treatment began at time zero. About how many cells were still living after 4 minutes of treatment?
This graph shows a microbial death curve for a bacterial population subjected to a heat treatment. Treatment began at time zero. About how many cells were still living after 4 minutes of treatment?
An antimicrobial chemical was added to a population of bacteria. The initial population was 107 living cells (10,000,000). After 2 minutes, only 106 cells still remained alive. After another 2 minutes (4 minutes of total treatment), about how many cells would still be alive?
An antimicrobial chemical was added to a population of bacteria. The initial population was 107 living cells (10,000,000). After 2 minutes, only 106 cells still remained alive. After another 2 minutes (4 minutes of total treatment), about how many cells would still be alive?
Which of the following best describes why microbial death curves are typically plotted logarithmically?
Which of the following best describes why microbial death curves are typically plotted logarithmically?
All of the following factors contribute to hospital-acquired infections EXCEPT
All of the following factors contribute to hospital-acquired infections EXCEPT
Surface-active agents act by decreasing surface tension so that microbes can more easily be removed. All of the following agents use this mechanism of action EXCEPT __________.
Surface-active agents act by decreasing surface tension so that microbes can more easily be removed. All of the following agents use this mechanism of action EXCEPT __________.
lyophilization
lyophilization
Which of the following correctly lists, in increasing order, the resistance of microorganisms to chemical biocides?
Which of the following correctly lists, in increasing order, the resistance of microorganisms to chemical biocides?
The following data were obtained by incubating gram-positive bacteria in nutrient medium + disinfectant for 24 hours, then transferring one loopful to nutrient medium (subculturing). (+ = growth; - = no growth)
The following data were obtained by incubating gram-positive bacteria in nutrient medium + disinfectant for 24 hours, then transferring one loopful to nutrient medium (subculturing). (+ = growth; - = no growth)
Which of the following physical methods of microbial control denatures proteins as a mechanism of action?
Which of the following physical methods of microbial control denatures proteins as a mechanism of action?
Repeating sequences of noncoding DNA that are used in forensic analysis is called
Repeating sequences of noncoding DNA that are used in forensic analysis is called
The antibiotic chloramphenicol binds the 50S large subunit of a ribosome. From this information, you can conclude that chloramphenicol
The antibiotic chloramphenicol binds the 50S large subunit of a ribosome. From this information, you can conclude that chloramphenicol
Which are examples of horizontal gene transfer?
Which are examples of horizontal gene transfer?
How is DNA transferred into transformation from donor to recipient cell?
How is DNA transferred into transformation from donor to recipient cell?
if tryptophan is present, the repressible operon is
if tryptophan is present, the repressible operon is
How do you identify auxotrophs?
How do you identify auxotrophs?
if you have HFr, Trp+ cell that recombines with an F-, Trp-cell, what might happen to the F-, Trp- cell (what traits could it acquire?)
if you have HFr, Trp+ cell that recombines with an F-, Trp-cell, what might happen to the F-, Trp- cell (what traits could it acquire?)
if you have F+, Cys+ cell recombines with an F-, Cys-cell, what might happen to the F-, Cys- cell (what traits could it acquire?)
if you have F+, Cys+ cell recombines with an F-, Cys-cell, what might happen to the F-, Cys- cell (what traits could it acquire?)
What are the products of semiconservative replication for a double-stranded DNA molecule?
What are the products of semiconservative replication for a double-stranded DNA molecule?
Why is DNA replication essential for a cell?
Why is DNA replication essential for a cell?
What is the function of the parental DNA in replication?
What is the function of the parental DNA in replication?
Transcription produces which of the following?
Transcription produces which of the following?
which of the following makes mRNA from the information stored in a DNA template?
which of the following makes mRNA from the information stored in a DNA template?
Ribosomes contain which of the following?
Ribosomes contain which of the following?
Which of the following is involved in bringing amino acids to the ribosomes?
Which of the following is involved in bringing amino acids to the ribosomes?
What results from the process of translation?
What results from the process of translation?
How is bacterial translation different from eukaryotic translation?
How is bacterial translation different from eukaryotic translation?
Ribosomes move along the mRNA in which direction?
Ribosomes move along the mRNA in which direction?
Which of the following genetic elements is transcribed into a single mRNA?
Which of the following genetic elements is transcribed into a single mRNA?
Which operons are always transcribed unless deactivated
Which operons are always transcribed unless deactivated
Which operons are never transcribed unless activated?
Which operons are never transcribed unless activated?
where on the DNA strand does a repressor bind?
where on the DNA strand does a repressor bind?
A recombinant cell....
A recombinant cell....
What is the hallmark of all horizontal gene transfers?
What is the hallmark of all horizontal gene transfers?
Which of the following is an example of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria?
Which of the following is an example of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria?
What is the process of protein synthesis specifically The Central Dogma?
What is the process of protein synthesis specifically The Central Dogma?
Operons are made of two or more genes that are located near each other in a sequence of DNA. Some operons allow for regulation of the expression of proteins at the transcriptional level. As a result, some operons are inducible, while others are repressible. Which of the following represents an inducible operon?
Operons are made of two or more genes that are located near each other in a sequence of DNA. Some operons allow for regulation of the expression of proteins at the transcriptional level. As a result, some operons are inducible, while others are repressible. Which of the following represents an inducible operon?
When lactose is not present, the genes to catabolize it are neither transcribed nor translated, so therefore, no proteins are made. Given what you know about bacterial cells and the environments that they grow in, why wouldn’t a bacterium express the lactose catabolism genes all of the time?
When lactose is not present, the genes to catabolize it are neither transcribed nor translated, so therefore, no proteins are made. Given what you know about bacterial cells and the environments that they grow in, why wouldn’t a bacterium express the lactose catabolism genes all of the time?
One of the benefits of performing genetic experiments is to better understand microbial processes. Which of the following scenarios is NOT an application for microbial genetics?
One of the benefits of performing genetic experiments is to better understand microbial processes. Which of the following scenarios is NOT an application for microbial genetics?
Which of the following enzymes unwinds the two strands of DNA so that they can be copied during replication?
Which of the following enzymes unwinds the two strands of DNA so that they can be copied during replication?
Which of the following is a DNA strand complementary to CGA ATC AGC?
Which of the following is a DNA strand complementary to CGA ATC AGC?
Which of the following statements concerning transcription is true?
Which of the following statements concerning transcription is true?
Which of the following best describes the flow of information in cells?
Which of the following best describes the flow of information in cells?
Which of the following statements concerning sugar utilization in E. coli is true?
Which of the following statements concerning sugar utilization in E. coli is true?
Which of the following does NOT accurately apply to the Ames test?
Which of the following does NOT accurately apply to the Ames test?
Deleting or inserting one nucleotide pair in the middle of a gene is an example of which of the following?
Deleting or inserting one nucleotide pair in the middle of a gene is an example of which of the following?
Which of the following is a method of vertical gene transmission?
Which of the following is a method of vertical gene transmission?
Frederick Griffith did experiments on genetic transformation. Which of the following statements about his experiments is accurate?
Frederick Griffith did experiments on genetic transformation. Which of the following statements about his experiments is accurate?
Which statement regarding genes and evolution is true?
Which statement regarding genes and evolution is true?
When two genes from two different people are sequenced and aligned, it is discovered that there are multiple sequence differences in the coding segment DNA level. However, when the proteins formed by the genes have their amino acids sequenced, there is no difference observed between the two. What is the most likely explanation for this observation?
When two genes from two different people are sequenced and aligned, it is discovered that there are multiple sequence differences in the coding segment DNA level. However, when the proteins formed by the genes have their amino acids sequenced, there is no difference observed between the two. What is the most likely explanation for this observation?
The necessary ingredients for DNA synthesis can be mixed together in a test tube. The DNA polymerase is from Thermus aquaticus, and the template is from a human cell. The DNA synthesized would be most similar to
The necessary ingredients for DNA synthesis can be mixed together in a test tube. The DNA polymerase is from Thermus aquaticus, and the template is from a human cell. The DNA synthesized would be most similar to
Synthesis of a repressible enzyme is stopped by the
Synthesis of a repressible enzyme is stopped by the
Assume the two E. coli strains shown below are allowed to conjugate.
Hfr: pro+, arg+, his+, lys+, met+, ampicillin-sensitive
F-: pro-, arg-, his-, lys-, met-, ampicillin-resistant
What supplements would you add to glucose minimal salts agar to select for a new recombinant cell that is lys+, arg+, amp-resistant?
Assume the two E. coli strains shown below are allowed to conjugate. Hfr: pro+, arg+, his+, lys+, met+, ampicillin-sensitive F-: pro-, arg-, his-, lys-, met-, ampicillin-resistant What supplements would you add to glucose minimal salts agar to select for a new recombinant cell that is lys+, arg+, amp-resistant?
Match
Match
Match
Match
Describe transduction
Describe transduction
Describe Transformation
Describe Transformation
Feedback inhibition differs from repression because feedback inhibition
Feedback inhibition differs from repression because feedback inhibition
Bacteria can acquire antibiotic resistance by all of the following except
Bacteria can acquire antibiotic resistance by all of the following except
Suppose you inoculate three flasks of minimal salts broth with E. coli. Flask A contains glucose. Flask B contains glucose and lactose. Flask C contains lactose. After a few hours of incubation, you test the flasks for the presence of β-galactosidase. Which flask(s) do you predict will have this enzyme?
Suppose you inoculate three flasks of minimal salts broth with E. coli. Flask A contains glucose. Flask B contains glucose and lactose. Flask C contains lactose. After a few hours of incubation, you test the flasks for the presence of β-galactosidase. Which flask(s) do you predict will have this enzyme?
Plasmids differ from transposons in that plasmids
Plasmids differ from transposons in that plasmids
Describe catabolite repression
Describe catabolite repression
Describe induction
Describe induction
Two offspring cells are most likely to inherit which one of the following from the parent cell?
Two offspring cells are most likely to inherit which one of the following from the parent cell?
Which of the following is not a method of horizontal gene transfer?
Which of the following is not a method of horizontal gene transfer?
What does a vector, like PUC19 contain in order to easily take an insert and transform a cell?
What does a vector, like PUC19 contain in order to easily take an insert and transform a cell?
Advantages of a viral vector over plasmid vector is
Advantages of a viral vector over plasmid vector is
Describe the key features of a restriction enzyme
Describe the key features of a restriction enzyme
Place the steps of constructing a genomic library in order
(A collection of cloned DNA fragments created by inserting restriction enzyme fragments in a bacterium, yeast, or phage.)
Place the steps of constructing a genomic library in order (A collection of cloned DNA fragments created by inserting restriction enzyme fragments in a bacterium, yeast, or phage.)
Explain how DNA replication and PCR are similar
Explain how DNA replication and PCR are similar
How is cDNA made?
How is cDNA made?
How can genomes from microbes that are not able to grow in the lab still be studied?
How can genomes from microbes that are not able to grow in the lab still be studied?
Which technology uses DNA probes to detect DNA fragments?
Which technology uses DNA probes to detect DNA fragments?
Foreign DNA can be inserted into cells using a variety of different methods. Which method involves the formation of microscopic pores in the cell's membrane?
Foreign DNA can be inserted into cells using a variety of different methods. Which method involves the formation of microscopic pores in the cell's membrane?
The use of "suicide" genes in genetically modified organisms is designed to
The use of "suicide" genes in genetically modified organisms is designed to
The field of proteomics concerns itself with
The field of proteomics concerns itself with
Which of the following best describes a clone in the context of genetic modification procedures?
Which of the following best describes a clone in the context of genetic modification procedures?
Which of the following best describes why a vector is used in genetic modification procedures?
Which of the following best describes why a vector is used in genetic modification procedures?
Recombinant DNA techniques typically involve generating a clone. Why?
Recombinant DNA techniques typically involve generating a clone. Why?
Which of the following best describes how recombinant DNA technology currently helps patients who do NOT produce adequate amounts of growth hormone (hGH)—a condition that otherwise leads to stunted growth?
Which of the following best describes how recombinant DNA technology currently helps patients who do NOT produce adequate amounts of growth hormone (hGH)—a condition that otherwise leads to stunted growth?
Which of the following is NOT a property of useful vectors?
Which of the following is NOT a property of useful vectors?
Which of the following statements about recombinant DNA technology is FALSE?
Which of the following statements about recombinant DNA technology is FALSE?
Why is baker's yeast useful for expressing genetically engineered genes?
Why is baker's yeast useful for expressing genetically engineered genes?
The most important property of a DNA vector is
The most important property of a DNA vector is
Which of the following applications of recombinant DNA technology is NOT controversial?
Which of the following applications of recombinant DNA technology is NOT controversial?
Which of the following pairings of recombinant DNA techniques and applications does NOT match?
Which of the following pairings of recombinant DNA techniques and applications does NOT match?
What is the end goal of PCR?
What is the end goal of PCR?
PCR stands for
PCR stands for
Which of the following is an application that uses PCR?
Which of the following is an application that uses PCR?
Which enzyme would cut this strand of DNA?
GCATGGATCCCAATGC
Which enzyme would cut this strand of DNA? GCATGGATCCCAATGC
Scientists like to use fluorescent proteins for various types of recombinant DNA procedures. You have a very small amount of the gene for a fluorescent protein. You'd like to make a fluorescent bacterium. Which of the following represents the correct sequence of procedures that you would use?
Scientists like to use fluorescent proteins for various types of recombinant DNA procedures. You have a very small amount of the gene for a fluorescent protein. You'd like to make a fluorescent bacterium. Which of the following represents the correct sequence of procedures that you would use?
PCR can be used to identify an unknown bacterium because
PCR can be used to identify an unknown bacterium because
Which of the following methods could be used to identify the source of an outbreak?
Which of the following methods could be used to identify the source of an outbreak?
How do restriction enzymes cut DNA sequences
How do restriction enzymes cut DNA sequences
In general, how might recombinant DNA technology be used to prevent a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in a single gene?
In general, how might recombinant DNA technology be used to prevent a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in a single gene?
Which of the following attaches the target gene to a desired location?
Which of the following attaches the target gene to a desired location?
Why would a recombinant DNA molecule be inserted into a host cell?
Why would a recombinant DNA molecule be inserted into a host cell?
Which statement regarding agricultural biotechnology is FALSE?
Which statement regarding agricultural biotechnology is FALSE?
Self-replicating DNA used to transmit a gene from one organism to another is a
Self-replicating DNA used to transmit a gene from one organism to another is a
Which statement best describes restriction enzymes?
Which statement best describes restriction enzymes?
What is the function of the primers in PCR?
What is the function of the primers in PCR?
In which direction does DNA polymerase synthesize the new DNA strand?
In which direction does DNA polymerase synthesize the new DNA strand?
What provides the energy for DNA polymerization in a PCR reaction?
What provides the energy for DNA polymerization in a PCR reaction?
Why is DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus ideal for PCR?
Why is DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus ideal for PCR?
Restriction enzymes were first discovered with the observation that
Restriction enzymes were first discovered with the observation that
The DNA probe, 3’-GGCTTA, will hybridize with which of the following?
The DNA probe, 3’-GGCTTA, will hybridize with which of the following?
Which of the following is the fourth basic step to genetically modify a cell?
Which of the following is the fourth basic step to genetically modify a cell?
The following enzymes are used to make cDNA. What is the second enzyme used to make cDNA?
The following enzymes are used to make cDNA. What is the second enzyme used to make cDNA?
If you put a gene in a virus, the next step in genetic modification would be
If you put a gene in a virus, the next step in genetic modification would be
You have a small gene that you want replicated by PCR. You add radioactively labeled nucleotides to the PCR thermal cycler. After three replication cycles, what percentage of the DNA single strands are radioactively labeled?
You have a small gene that you want replicated by PCR. You add radioactively labeled nucleotides to the PCR thermal cycler. After three replication cycles, what percentage of the DNA single strands are radioactively labeled?
Define Library
Define Library
Describe a clone
Describe a clone
Describe a vector
Describe a vector
Describe antisense
Describe antisense
A prokaryotic cell hitched a ride to Earth on a space shuttle from some unknown planet. The organism is a psychrophile, an obligate halophile, and an obligate aerobe. Based on the characteristics of the microbe, describe the planet.
A prokaryotic cell hitched a ride to Earth on a space shuttle from some unknown planet. The organism is a psychrophile, an obligate halophile, and an obligate aerobe. Based on the characteristics of the microbe, describe the planet.
Which of the following criteria is most useful in determining whether two organisms are related?
Which of the following criteria is most useful in determining whether two organisms are related?
If you Gram-stained the bacteria that live in the human intestine, you would expect to find mostly
If you Gram-stained the bacteria that live in the human intestine, you would expect to find mostly
Which stain (from a list) would be helpful in determining the size and shape of a colorless bacterium WITHOUT fixing.
Which stain (from a list) would be helpful in determining the size and shape of a colorless bacterium WITHOUT fixing.
If you were preparing nutrient agar at home and did not have an autoclave, what could you use to sterilize the nutrient agar?
If you were preparing nutrient agar at home and did not have an autoclave, what could you use to sterilize the nutrient agar?
If you knew the sequence of nucleotides within a gene, which one of the following could you determine with the most accuracy?
If you knew the sequence of nucleotides within a gene, which one of the following could you determine with the most accuracy?
Patients with indwelling catheters (long-term tubes inserted into body orifices for drainage, such as through the urethra and into the urinary bladder) are susceptible to infections because
Patients with indwelling catheters (long-term tubes inserted into body orifices for drainage, such as through the urethra and into the urinary bladder) are susceptible to infections because
A suspension of 106 Bacillus cereus endospores was put in a hot-air oven at 170°C. Plate counts were used to determine the number of endospores surviving at the time intervals shown.
A suspension of 106 Bacillus cereus endospores was put in a hot-air oven at 170°C. Plate counts were used to determine the number of endospores surviving at the time intervals shown.
Most fungi grow best at pH
Most fungi grow best at pH
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of B cells?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of B cells?
Flashcards
Binary Fission
Binary Fission
Asexual reproduction method in prokaryotes where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
DNA Replication
DNA Replication
Creating an exact copy of DNA before cell division.
Daughter Cells
Daughter Cells
The two identical cells resulting from the division of a parent cell in binary fission.
Asexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
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Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cells
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Circular Chromosomes
Circular Chromosomes
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Microbial Death
Microbial Death
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Disinfection
Disinfection
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Sterilization
Sterilization
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Antisepsis
Antisepsis
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Sanitization
Sanitization
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Microbial Growth Curve
Microbial Growth Curve
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Lag Phase
Lag Phase
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Logarithmic Growth Phase
Logarithmic Growth Phase
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Stationary Phase
Stationary Phase
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Death Phase
Death Phase
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Cytotoxic Drug
Cytotoxic Drug
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Cell Viability
Cell Viability
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis
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Necrosis
Necrosis
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Autophagy
Autophagy
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Cell Survival Calculations
Cell Survival Calculations
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Survival Curves
Survival Curves
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Therapeutic Index
Therapeutic Index
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Study Notes
Binary Fission: A Fundamental Aspect of Prokaryotic Reproduction
- Binary fission is a form of asexual reproduction used by prokaryotes, such as bacteria, where one parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
- Each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic instructions, ensuring the continuation of the species' traits.
- Binary fission is a clonal method of reproduction, meaning the offspring are genetically identical to the parent.
DNA Replication and Segregation
- Before cell division, DNA replication occurs, producing two identical sets of genetic material.
- The duplicated DNA is distributed equally between the two daughter cells, ensuring each cell receives a complete set of genetic information.
Cell Division and Asexual Reproduction
- Binary fission is a crucial aspect of prokaryotic cell division, enabling rapid population growth and adaptation to environmental changes.
- Asexual reproduction allows for the creation of offspring without the fusion of gametes, ensuring the genetic information remains intact.
Prokaryotic Cells and Binary Fission
- Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, have unique characteristics that enable efficient binary fission:
- Circular chromosomes allow for continuous division without issues related to telomeres.
- Small genome size enables efficient replication and adaptation to changing conditions.
- Rigid cell walls preserve cell shape during cell division.
- Compartmentalization of organelles prevents mixing of organelles between mother and daughter cells.
Variants of Binary Fission
- Some bacteria engage in variations of binary fission, such as:
- Multiple offspring production: producing multiple daughter cells rather than just two.
- Budding: forming a protrusion from the surface, which eventually detaches as a new cell.
Importance of Binary Fission
- Binary fission plays a pivotal role in the asexual reproduction of prokaryotic organisms, particularly bacteria.
- Understanding binary fission provides insights into fundamental aspects of life and has potential applications in fields like synthetic biology and medicine.
Microbial Death and Control
- Disinfection, sterilization, antisepsis, and sanitization are methods used to destroy or reduce pathogenic microorganisms:
- Disinfection: reducing the number of pathogens on non-living surfaces.
- Sterilization: eliminating all forms of life from surfaces and objects.
- Antisepsis: destroying or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms on living tissue.
- Sanitization: reducing pathogens to levels considered safe by public health standards.
Microbial Growth Curve
- The Microbial Growth Curve represents the changes in the number of viable cells over time under specific conditions:
- Four main phases: lag phase, logarithmic growth phase, stationary phase, and death phase.
Factors Influencing Microbial Death
- Physical, chemical, and biological agents can influence microbial death:
- Temperature, light, and nutrient levels affect bacteria.
- Chemical agents include disinfectants, heavy metals, and solvents.
- Biological agents encompass viruses, bacteriophages, and parasites.
Applications of Microbial Death
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Understanding microbial death is crucial in various fields, including biology, medicine, agriculture, and environmental science.
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It helps develop strategies to control microbial populations, prevent diseases, improve food production, and protect ecosystems.### Investigating Cell Death Processes
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Researchers expose cells to varying concentrations of a potential cytotoxic drug to investigate cell death processes.
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Microscopy techniques, flow cytometry, and biochemical assays are used to quantify the resulting effects.
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These methods enable monitoring of cell viability, apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy under different treatment conditions.
Cell Survival Calculations
- Cell survival calculations are crucial for understanding how cells respond to environmental stressors.
- By determining the concentration of a substance needed to cause significant cell death, researchers can estimate its therapeutic index and potential efficacy as a treatment option.
- Survival curves help establish optimal conditions for culturing cells in vitro.
Importance of Cell Survival Calculations
- Cell survival calculations are essential tools for studying cell death processes.
- They enable researchers to assess the impact of various stressors on cell function and survival.
- These calculations contribute to our understanding of cellular responses to stress and the development of novel therapies based on these responses.
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