Standard Electrode Potential

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Questions and Answers

Considering the standard electrode potentials, which of the following species is most easily reduced?

  • Na+
  • Li+
  • F2 (correct)
  • K+

If a half-cell reaction has a large negative standard reduction potential, what does this indicate about the substance's tendency to be oxidized or reduced?

  • It is easily reduced.
  • It is a strong oxidizing agent.
  • It is easily oxidized. (correct)
  • It is a poor oxidizing agent.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between a reducing agent and its standard reduction potential?

  • Strong reducing agents have highly negative standard reduction potentials. (correct)
  • The strength of a reducing agent is unrelated to its standard reduction potential.
  • Strong reducing agents have highly positive standard reduction potentials.
  • Weak reducing agents have highly negative standard reduction potentials.

In an electrochemical cell, where does oxidation occur?

<p>At the anode, which is the negative electrode. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of sacrificial anode cathodic protection (SACP)?

<p>To prevent oxidation by using a more easily oxidized metal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of sacrificial anode cathodic protection, what is the role of the free electrons?

<p>To reduce oxygen at the cathode (steel) surface, preventing corrosion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider the following half-reactions:

$Zn^{2+}(aq) + 2e^- \rightarrow Zn(s) \ E° = -0.76 V$ $Fe^{2+}(aq) + 2e^- \rightarrow Fe(s) \ E° = -0.45 V$

If these two half-cells are connected to form a voltaic cell, which metal will act as the anode?

<p>Zinc (Zn) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is necessary for determining standard cell potential?

<p>A concentration of 1 M for all dissolved substances and a gas pressure of 1 atm. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the reaction quotient, Q, relate to the spontaneity of a reaction in an electrochemical cell?

<p>Q measures the relative amounts of products and reactants and affects the cell potential. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Nernst equation, what happens to the cell potential (Ecell) when the reaction reaches equilibrium?

<p>Ecell becomes zero. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using the Nernst equation, how does increasing the concentration of reactants generally affect the cell potential ($E_{cell}$)?

<p>The effect depends on whether the reactants are in the cathode or anode compartment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean for a battery to be 'depleted' in the context of electrochemistry, based on the Nernst equation?

<p>The cell has reached equilibrium, and the cell potential is zero. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does pH affect the redox stability of certain species, according to the provided content?

<p>pH can shift the redox potential, influencing the stability of species. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In acidic media, what generally happens to the oxidizing strength of a species if the reaction involves $H^+$ ions?

<p>The oxidizing strength increases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of reactions involving water, which of the following statements is correct regarding water's role as an oxidizing or reducing agent?

<p>Water can act as both an oxidizing and a reducing agent depending on the reaction conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a necessary condition for a metal with a large negative standard reduction potential ($E^o$) to corrode in an aqueous acid solution?

<p>The production of $H_2$ gas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'anodizing' and what is its primary purpose?

<p>An electrolytic passivation process to grow a thicker oxide layer for protection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is disproportionation in the context of redox reactions?

<p>A redox reaction where an element is simultaneously oxidized and reduced. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is required for comproportionation to occur?

<p>Two species must react to form a product where the element exhibits an identical oxidation state. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What information does a Latimer diagram provide about the different oxidation states of an element?

<p>The standard reduction potentials connecting different oxidation states. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a Latimer diagram, what does the numerical value written over the arrow or line connecting two species represent?

<p>The standard reduction potential for the half-reaction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the use of standard Gibbs energies versus standard potentials when combining couples in a Latimer diagram?

<p>Standard Gibbs energies should be combined, not standard potentials, to obtain the combination of two couples. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a Frost diagram illustrate?

<p>The relative stability of different oxidation states of an element. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the stability of an oxidation state determined using a Frost diagram?

<p>By its position relative to the bottom of the diagram. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A species that lies above the line connecting its two adjacent species in a Frost diagram is prone to what type of reaction?

<p>Disproportionation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What information does a Pourbaix diagram provide?

<p>The conditions of pH and potential where a species is thermodynamically stable. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the horizontal lines in a Pourbaix diagram signify?

<p>Reactions involving only electron transfer. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a Pourbaix diagram for iron, what does the region labeled 'immunity' indicate?

<p>Iron is thermodynamically stable and does not corrode. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Ellingham diagram?

<p>To determine the temperature dependence of the Gibbs energies of the formation of metal oxides. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an Ellingham diagram, what does the point of intersection between the metal oxide line and the carbon monoxide line indicate?

<p>The temperature at which the reduction of the metal oxide by carbon becomes thermodynamically favorable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Hall-Héroult process used for?

<p>The electrochemical extraction of aluminum. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Hall-Héroult process, what role does cryolite play?

<p>It lowers the melting point of the aluminum oxide. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of electrochemistry, what is the standard cell potential ($E_{cell}$)?

<p>The difference between the standard reduction potentials of the half-cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to standard electrochemical conventions, is the following statement correct?

Standard Cell Potential = Standard Reduction Potential at the Cathode + Standard Oxidation Potential at the Anode

<p>True, in electrochemistry you are summing the half-reactions written as reductions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Standard electrode potential (E°)

Potential of a half-reaction under standard conditions, written as reduction.

Cathode (reduction)

In a voltaic cell, the electrode where reduction occurs; attracts electrons.

Oxidizing agent

Species being reduced by accepting electrons

Anode (oxidation)

Electrode where oxidation occurs; repels electrons.

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Reducing agent

Species being oxidized by donating electrons

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Sacrificial anode cathodic protection (SACP)

Protecting metal structures from corrosion by using a sacrificial anode that corrodes instead.

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Standard cell potential (E°cell)

Cell potential at standard conditions (1 M, 1 atm).

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Nernst equation

Equation relating cell potential to nonstandard conditions, considering temperature, and reaction quotient.

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Disproportionation

A redox reaction where the same element is simultaneously raised and lowered in oxidation number.

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Comproportionation

Redox reaction where two species combine to yield the same oxidation state.

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Frost Diagram

Plot of nE° for X(N)/X(0) couple against oxidation number N.

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Pourbaix Diagram

Graphical map potential and pH where species are stable in H2O.

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Ellingham Diagram

Diagram summarizing temperature dependence of Gibbs energies of metal oxides.

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Anodizing

Process of increasing the thickness of the natural oxide layer on the surface of metal parts

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Study Notes

  • Standard electrode potential (E°) refers to the half-reaction written as reduction.
  • The slide shows a table of standard electrode potentials

More Positive E°

  • Cathodes undergo reduction
  • There is a greater attraction to electrons
  • Oxidizing agent

Less Positive E°

  • Anodes undergo oxidation
  • There is a greater repulsion of electrons
  • Reducing agent

Practice Problem

  • MnO4- is a strong oxidizing agent
  • The question posed is which of the following ions can oxidize in acidic media: Fe2+, Cl-, Ce3+
  • MnO4-/Mn2+ = +1.51 V
  • Fe3+/Fe2+ = +0.77
  • Cl2/Cl- = +1.36 V
  • Ce4+/Ce3+ = +1.76 V
  • MnO4- can oxidize Fe2+ and Cl- which have less positive standard potentials, but cannot oxidize Ce3+

Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection (SACP)

  • Fe/Fe2+ is +0.45 V
  • Zn/Zn2+ is +0.76 V
  • Free electrons travel through the metal path to the inactive sites, where O2 + 4e- + 2H2O -> 4 OH-
  • Recombinations of these ions at the active surface create iron-corrosion product ferrous hydroxide with the formula: 2Fe + O2 + 2H2O -> 2Fe (OH)2
  • In the case of aluminum anodes, the reaction at the aluminum surface is: 4Al -> 4Al3+ + 12 e-
  • At the steel surface: 3O2 + 12e- + 6H2O -> 12OH-
  • As long as the current (free electrons) arrives at the cathode (steel) faster than oxygen is arriving, no corrosion will occur.

Standard Cell Potential

  • Standard cell potential (E°cell) is defined as the cell potential at standard conditions (°).
  • Concentration of all dissolved substances is 1 M
  • Pressure of all gases is 1 atm

Ecell for Nonstandard Conditions

  • Ecell is the cell potential under nonstandard conditions
  • E°cell is the standard cell potential
  • n is the number of electrons transferred in the balanced redox reaction
  • Q is the reaction quotient; this measures the relative amounts of products and reactants present during a reaction at a particular point in time
  • When Ecell > 0, AG2H2O -> 12OH-
  • Latimer diagrams can quickly provide insight into the different reduction potentials of a substance

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