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What marks the beginning of the 2nd stage (Expulsive stage) of labor?
What marks the beginning of the 2nd stage (Expulsive stage) of labor?
What is the main event that occurs during the 2nd stage (Expulsive stage)?
What is the main event that occurs during the 2nd stage (Expulsive stage)?
During which stage does the cervical dilatation and fetal sac appearance occur?
During which stage does the cervical dilatation and fetal sac appearance occur?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the 2nd stage (Expulsive stage)?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the 2nd stage (Expulsive stage)?
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What is the duration of the 2nd stage (Expulsive stage) mainly characterized by?
What is the duration of the 2nd stage (Expulsive stage) mainly characterized by?
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What initiates the fetus's birth position during the initial myometrial contraction?
What initiates the fetus's birth position during the initial myometrial contraction?
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Which statement accurately describes the regular intermittent contractions during expulsion?
Which statement accurately describes the regular intermittent contractions during expulsion?
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What is the consequence of prolonged contraction without rest on the fetus?
What is the consequence of prolonged contraction without rest on the fetus?
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What occurs before the rupture of the fetal membrane?
What occurs before the rupture of the fetal membrane?
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How can the fetal membrane be compromised during labor?
How can the fetal membrane be compromised during labor?
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What is the maximum duration a cow can take to deliver afterbirth in summer?
What is the maximum duration a cow can take to deliver afterbirth in summer?
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Which animal is expected to have the shortest afterbirth duration?
Which animal is expected to have the shortest afterbirth duration?
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What duration is associated with sheep and goats after the last lambing?
What duration is associated with sheep and goats after the last lambing?
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What is the indication of retained afterbirth duration for cows?
What is the indication of retained afterbirth duration for cows?
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Which of the following animals does not have an afterbirth stage?
Which of the following animals does not have an afterbirth stage?
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What is the typical interval between the birth of piglets?
What is the typical interval between the birth of piglets?
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When may portions of the placenta be passed during the birthing process?
When may portions of the placenta be passed during the birthing process?
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What color might the chorionic surface of the last pieces of placenta from each horn be?
What color might the chorionic surface of the last pieces of placenta from each horn be?
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In regard to piglet births, which statement is true?
In regard to piglet births, which statement is true?
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Which of the following statements about placenta during birthing is false?
Which of the following statements about placenta during birthing is false?
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What physiological change occurs in a queen's body temperature prior to giving birth?
What physiological change occurs in a queen's body temperature prior to giving birth?
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What causes the dark brown discharge observed during a queen's delivery?
What causes the dark brown discharge observed during a queen's delivery?
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How long before birth does the body temperature of a queen change?
How long before birth does the body temperature of a queen change?
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Which of the following best describes the nature of the discharge during the delivery of a queen?
Which of the following best describes the nature of the discharge during the delivery of a queen?
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What significance does the change in body temperature have in a queen before parturition?
What significance does the change in body temperature have in a queen before parturition?
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What distance from the puppy or kitten does the bitch sever the umbilical cord?
What distance from the puppy or kitten does the bitch sever the umbilical cord?
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When may the placenta be delivered during parturition?
When may the placenta be delivered during parturition?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the delivery of the placenta?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the delivery of the placenta?
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What role does the bitch play in severing the umbilical cord?
What role does the bitch play in severing the umbilical cord?
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Which statement best describes the timing of placenta delivery?
Which statement best describes the timing of placenta delivery?
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Study Notes
Stages of Parturition
- Parturition stages were traditionally 4, but the preparatory stage, being too long, was removed, leaving only 3 active stages.
- There's no clear division between stages, only indicators that a stage is ending, without defined timing.
- Stage 1 (Opening/Dilatation): Begins with labor pain and ends with cervical dilation or fetal sac emergence.
- Stage 2 (Expulsive): Starts with cervical dilation/fetal sac emergence and ends with fetal expulsion.
- Stage 3 (After Birth): Starts with fetal expulsion and ends with expulsion of fetal membranes and placenta.
External Changes
- Animals show restlessness, stop eating, frequent urination, soft defecation, straining, and frequent lying/standing.
- Pawing, raising the tail, and muscle tremors are common signs.
- Animals often recline to move the fetus from the abdominal cavity to the pelvis.
Internal Changes
- Cervix: Relaxation and dilation, becoming indistinguishable from the vagina.
- Myometrial Contractions: Initial contractions involve only the inner circular muscles, helping the fetus assume birth position and move towards the cervix. Regular, intermittent contractions (30 seconds of contraction, followed by 120 seconds of rest).
- Additional Contractions: Later contractions include outer longitudinal muscles, aided by abdominal contractions and elevated chest pressure, creating more pressure to push the fetus out (higher E2, PGF2a and Oxytocin).
Fetal Membrane Rupture
- The first membrane to rupture is the chorioallantoic membrane (bluish, vascular, semi-transparent), followed by the amnion (grayish-white, avascular, opaque).
- Rupture is mainly caused by twisting or rubbing against hard objects, dampness around the perineum, or manual rupture.
- Rupture happens after cervical dilation
Duration
- Cow's: 4-6 hours for pluriparous cows, 6-12 hours for primiparous cows, can go longer if retained placenta (more in summer).
- Mare: Less than 0.5 hours (shorter than cows); placenta separation occurs during expulsion phase.
- Sheep/Goat: 0.5-2 hours (longer in first lambing).
- Sow: Within 2 hours after last piglet.
- Bitch/Queen: No distinct after birth stage.
- 80% of allantoic rupture first, 20% of amniotic rupture first.
Animal Positions During Partuition
- Animals often prefer a recumbent position to aid fetal expulsion.
- Lateral recumbency is common in cows, to facilitate fetal movement.
- Sternal recumbency is preferable if there's dystocia to maximize space for assistence.
Other Important Points
- Premature rupture of the umbilical cord can be problematic in neonatal animals.
- Animals may eat the placenta, but large amounts may cause vomiting.
- In some animals, the fetus may be born enclosed in the amnion.
- Significant blood reserves remain in the placenta, so it needs to be delivered efficiently for a healthy calf.
- Manual intervention for placenta expulsion may be necessary in some cases, while a wait-and-see approach is good for others.
- In some species, there are particular factors, such as the presence of a more fibrous cervix, that contribute to the slower progress of parturition.
- Some animals may experience a slight temperature drop before or after giving birth.
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Description
This quiz explores the stages of parturition in animals, highlighting the three main stages: opening, expulsive, and after birth. It also discusses the external and internal changes that occur during these stages. Test your understanding of the physiological processes involved in animal birthing.
