Stages of Parturition in Animals
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Questions and Answers

What marks the beginning of the 2nd stage (Expulsive stage) of labor?

  • Start of contractions
  • Full dilation of the cervix
  • Delivery of the placenta
  • Cervical dilatation or appearance of fetal sacs (correct)

What is the main event that occurs during the 2nd stage (Expulsive stage)?

  • Preparation of the uterus
  • Cervical effacement
  • Expulsion of the fetus (correct)
  • Engagement of the fetal head

During which stage does the cervical dilatation and fetal sac appearance occur?

  • Expulsive stage (correct)
  • First stage of labor
  • Transition stage
  • Postpartum stage

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the 2nd stage (Expulsive stage)?

<p>Involves the delivery of the placenta (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of the 2nd stage (Expulsive stage) mainly characterized by?

<p>Expulsion of the fetus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the fetus's birth position during the initial myometrial contraction?

<p>The inner circular muscle contraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the regular intermittent contractions during expulsion?

<p>Contraction lasts for 120 seconds followed by 30 seconds of rest (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of prolonged contraction without rest on the fetus?

<p>Increased risk of asphyxia and death (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs before the rupture of the fetal membrane?

<p>Complete dilation of the cervix (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the fetal membrane be compromised during labor?

<p>Through twisting of the tail and rubbing against a hard object (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum duration a cow can take to deliver afterbirth in summer?

<p>24 hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which animal is expected to have the shortest afterbirth duration?

<p>Mare (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What duration is associated with sheep and goats after the last lambing?

<p>3-4 hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the indication of retained afterbirth duration for cows?

<p>More than 24 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following animals does not have an afterbirth stage?

<p>Bitch (B), Queen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical interval between the birth of piglets?

<p>15 minutes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When may portions of the placenta be passed during the birthing process?

<p>After each piglet, after a number of piglets, or at the end of furrowing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color might the chorionic surface of the last pieces of placenta from each horn be?

<p>Darker red than the remainder of the tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In regard to piglet births, which statement is true?

<p>Piglets are born at approximately 15-minute intervals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about placenta during birthing is false?

<p>The placenta must be passed immediately after each piglet. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change occurs in a queen's body temperature prior to giving birth?

<p>It rises by 0.1-1°C over 12 hours. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the dark brown discharge observed during a queen's delivery?

<p>The breakdown of the marginal hematomas of the placenta. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long before birth does the body temperature of a queen change?

<p>12 hours. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the nature of the discharge during the delivery of a queen?

<p>It is a dark brown color. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significance does the change in body temperature have in a queen before parturition?

<p>Signals the beginning of labor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distance from the puppy or kitten does the bitch sever the umbilical cord?

<p>2 cm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When may the placenta be delivered during parturition?

<p>After each group of puppies or at the end (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the delivery of the placenta?

<p>It can be delivered after each puppy or in groups. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the bitch play in severing the umbilical cord?

<p>She bites it off with her teeth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the timing of placenta delivery?

<p>Can occur after the birth of each individual puppy/kitten. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Expulsive stage

The stage of labor from cervical dilation to fetal expulsion.

Cervical dilatation

Widening of the cervix during labor.

Fetal sac

Membrane enveloping the fetus.

Labor stages

Sequential phases of childbirth.

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Fetal expulsion

Delivery of the fetus.

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Mare's afterbirth

A mare expels the afterbirth within 2 hours after giving birth.

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Cow's afterbirth

A cow expels the afterbirth within 2-8 hours, up to 12 hours in summer and 24 hours in winter. If the afterbirth is retained longer than 24 hours, veterinary intervention is needed.

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Sheep & goat afterbirth

Sheep and goats expel the afterbirth within 3-4 hours after giving birth.

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Sow's afterbirth

A sow expels the afterbirth within 2 hours after giving birth.

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Bitch and Queen afterbirth

Bitches (dogs) and Queens (cats) do not have an afterbirth stage.

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Fetal membrane rupture

The breaking of the fetal sac, which can occur naturally after full cervical dilation, or potentially through tail twisting or external rubbing.

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Contraction (stages)

Uterine muscle contractions follow a pattern and are triggered by hormones for fetal expulsion. Early contractions, focus on inner muscle to position fetus; later stages involve outer muscle and are aided by abdominal pressure.

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Fetal position and contraction

Initial uterine contractions help the fetus settle and move towards the cervix. Later, stronger contractions, by outer uterine muscle, aided by abdominal pressure, expel the fetus.

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Umbilical cord stoppage

Pressure on the umbilical cord during uterine contractions can cut off blood flow to the fetus, if the contractions do not allow for adequate rest in between, leading to fetal asphyxia.

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Chorioallantoic membrane

A membrane containing watery fluid, appears bluish/semi-transparent when observed in the vagina. It is part of the fetal membrane.

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Piglet birth interval

The time between the birth of each piglet is approximately 15 minutes.

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Placenta expulsion

Parts of the placenta can come out after each piglet, after several piglets, or all at once after the last piglet.

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Placenta color variation

The final pieces of the placenta from each side of the uterus might be a darker red color than the rest.

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What is 'furrowing'?

Furrowing is the process of a sow giving birth.

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How long does it take for piglets to be born?

Piglets are typically born at intervals of approximately 15 minutes, meaning that each piglet is born about 15 minutes after the previous one.

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Bitch's Teeth

The bitch severs the umbilical cord with her teeth approximately 2 cm from the puppy.

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Placenta Delivery

The placenta can be delivered after each puppy/kitten, after a group, or all at the end of parturition.

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Parturition

The process of giving birth in animals.

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Umbilical Cord Separation

The bitch severs the umbilical cord with her teeth, usually about 2 cm from the puppy.

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Placenta Timing

The placenta may be expelled after each puppy/kitten, a group of them, or at the end of the birthing process.

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Queen's body temperature before birth

A Queen's body temperature will increase by 0.1-1°C in the 12 hours leading up to giving birth.

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Dark discharge during Queen delivery

The dark brown discharge a Queen experiences during delivery comes from the breakdown of the placenta's marginal hematomas.

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What is the 'furrowing' process?

Furrowing is the term for a sow giving birth, referring to the contractions and movements of the sow during labor.

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Placenta expulsion in a sow

After giving birth, a sow can expel parts of the placenta after each piglet, after several piglets, or all at once after the last piglet.

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Study Notes

Stages of Parturition

  • Parturition stages were traditionally 4, but the preparatory stage, being too long, was removed, leaving only 3 active stages.
  • There's no clear division between stages, only indicators that a stage is ending, without defined timing.
  • Stage 1 (Opening/Dilatation): Begins with labor pain and ends with cervical dilation or fetal sac emergence.
  • Stage 2 (Expulsive): Starts with cervical dilation/fetal sac emergence and ends with fetal expulsion.
  • Stage 3 (After Birth): Starts with fetal expulsion and ends with expulsion of fetal membranes and placenta.

External Changes

  • Animals show restlessness, stop eating, frequent urination, soft defecation, straining, and frequent lying/standing.
  • Pawing, raising the tail, and muscle tremors are common signs.
  • Animals often recline to move the fetus from the abdominal cavity to the pelvis.

Internal Changes

  • Cervix: Relaxation and dilation, becoming indistinguishable from the vagina.
  • Myometrial Contractions: Initial contractions involve only the inner circular muscles, helping the fetus assume birth position and move towards the cervix. Regular, intermittent contractions (30 seconds of contraction, followed by 120 seconds of rest).
  • Additional Contractions: Later contractions include outer longitudinal muscles, aided by abdominal contractions and elevated chest pressure, creating more pressure to push the fetus out (higher E2, PGF2a and Oxytocin).

Fetal Membrane Rupture

  • The first membrane to rupture is the chorioallantoic membrane (bluish, vascular, semi-transparent), followed by the amnion (grayish-white, avascular, opaque).
  • Rupture is mainly caused by twisting or rubbing against hard objects, dampness around the perineum, or manual rupture.
  • Rupture happens after cervical dilation

Duration

  • Cow's: 4-6 hours for pluriparous cows, 6-12 hours for primiparous cows, can go longer if retained placenta (more in summer).
  • Mare: Less than 0.5 hours (shorter than cows); placenta separation occurs during expulsion phase.
  • Sheep/Goat: 0.5-2 hours (longer in first lambing).
  • Sow: Within 2 hours after last piglet.
  • Bitch/Queen: No distinct after birth stage.
  • 80% of allantoic rupture first, 20% of amniotic rupture first.

Animal Positions During Partuition

  • Animals often prefer a recumbent position to aid fetal expulsion.
  • Lateral recumbency is common in cows, to facilitate fetal movement.
  • Sternal recumbency is preferable if there's dystocia to maximize space for assistence.

Other Important Points

  • Premature rupture of the umbilical cord can be problematic in neonatal animals.
  • Animals may eat the placenta, but large amounts may cause vomiting.
  • In some animals, the fetus may be born enclosed in the amnion.
  • Significant blood reserves remain in the placenta, so it needs to be delivered efficiently for a healthy calf.
  • Manual intervention for placenta expulsion may be necessary in some cases, while a wait-and-see approach is good for others.
  • In some species, there are particular factors, such as the presence of a more fibrous cervix, that contribute to the slower progress of parturition.
  • Some animals may experience a slight temperature drop before or after giving birth.

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Description

This quiz explores the stages of parturition in animals, highlighting the three main stages: opening, expulsive, and after birth. It also discusses the external and internal changes that occur during these stages. Test your understanding of the physiological processes involved in animal birthing.

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