Stacks and Queues in Data Structures
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Questions and Answers

What does the TOP variable represent in a stack?

  • The number of elements currently in the stack
  • The index of the bottom element in the stack
  • The maximum size of the stack
  • The location of the top element in the stack (correct)

    • Which operation is performed when an element is added to a stack?

  • Pop
  • Push (correct)
  • Peek
  • IsFull

    • What will the IsEmpty function return if TOP is -1?

  • False, indicating the stack is full
  • True, indicating the stack is empty (correct)
  • False, indicating the stack has elements
  • True, indicating the stack is not empty

    • In a stack, which element is accessed first when deleting elements?

    <p>Top element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if a push operation is attempted on a full stack?

    <p>An error message will be displayed and execution will terminate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a stack represented in a linear array?

    <p>Elements are stored sequentially, with access determined by the TOP variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will be the value of TOP after initializing an empty stack?

    <p>-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the IsFull function check?

    <p>If the stack has reached its maximum capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the stack is full during a push operation?

    <p>An error message is printed and execution terminates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition indicates that the stack is empty?

    <p>top == -1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the dynamic array implementation of a stack, what is used to check if the stack is full?

    <p>top &gt;= capacity-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the pop() operation do in a stack?

    <p>Removes an element from the top of the stack.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if an attempt is made to pop an element from an empty stack?

    <p>The function returns a special value indicating the stack is empty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about stackFull() is true?

    <p>It prints an error message and exits the program.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial capacity of the stack in the dynamic array implementation?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of MALLOC in the dynamic stack implementation?

    <p>It allocates memory for the stack.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the queueFull function?

    <p>To terminate execution when the queue is full</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the main disadvantage of traditional queue implementation?

    <p>Shifting an array when an item is deleted is time-consuming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a circular queue implementation, how is the front variable adjusted?

    <p>It points one position counterclockwise from the front element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the rear index indicate in a queue?

    <p>The position where the next element will be added</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a queue reaches its maximum size using a traditional array?

    <p>It generates an error message and terminates execution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the time complexity of queueFull considered O(MAX_QUEUE_SIZE)?

    <p>Due to the maximum number of elements in the queue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT typically used to overcome the drawbacks of a traditional queue?

    <p>Shifting elements to the left</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome when an element is deleted from a traditional queue?

    <p>All elements are moved to the left</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does FIFO stand for in the context of queues?

    <p>First-In-First-Out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates that a queue is empty?

    <p>FRONT = NULL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the FRONT variable when an element is deleted from the queue?

    <p>It increases by 1.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum size of the queue array defined in the queue implementation?

    <p>100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the IsFullQ function?

    <p>To check if the queue has reached its maximum size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the role of the REAR variable?

    <p>It points to the empty position for the next insertion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would the deleteq() function return when the queue is empty?

    <p>An error message indicating the queue is empty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding the addq function?

    <p>It increments REAR and checks for queue size before adding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a recursively defined function?

    <p>It must refer to itself in its definition and have base values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the factorial function?

    <p>The factorial function is defined in terms of itself for values greater than 0.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the return value of the factorial function when the input is 0?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the recursive procedure to calculate factorial, what happens during the second step?

    <p>It calls itself with N - 1 as an argument.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of base values in a recursive function?

    <p>They determine when the function should stop calling itself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure accurately describes the calculation of GCD using recursion?

    <p>It sets GCD as N if M is divisible by N without a remainder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can be a common misconception about recursive functions?

    <p>They must utilize a for loop to work properly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When calculating N! recursively, what operation is performed after the call to itself?

    <p>Multiply N by the result of the smaller factorial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a deque allow in terms of element manipulation?

    <p>Elements can be added or removed at either end but not in the middle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an input-restricted deque, what operation can be performed only at one end?

    <p>Insertions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the processing order in a priority queue?

    <p>The assigned priorities of the elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding a priority queue's elements with the same priority?

    <p>They are processed according to the order in which they were added.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What denotes an empty deque in terms of pointers?

    <p>LEFT = NULL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which representation refers specifically to a priority queue?

    <p>One-way list representation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a lower priority element in a priority queue when a higher priority element is present?

    <p>It is processed after the higher priority elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of doubling the capacity in a queue implementation?

    <p>It allows more elements to be enqueued.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Stacks and Queues

    • A stack is an ordered list where insertions and deletions occur at one end, called the top.
    • Last-In-First-Out (LIFO)
    • Elements are added and removed from the top.
    • The first element inserted is the last to be removed.

    Array Representation of Stacks

    • Stacks can be represented using a linear array.
    • Two variables are used: TOP and MAX_STACK_SIZE.
    • TOP holds the location of the top element.
    • MAX_STACK_SIZE specifies the maximum capacity.
    • TOP = -1 indicates an empty stack.

    Stack Operations

    • Stack Create: Initializes a stack.
      • MAX_STACK_SIZE is often defined as a constant.
    • IsEmpty(Stack): Checks if the stack is empty. Returns true if top < 0.
    • IsFull(Stack): Checks if the stack is full. Returns true if top >= MAX_STACK_SIZE -1.
    • Push(item): Adds an element to the stack.
      • If the stack is full, calls stackFull().
      • Otherwise, increments top and stores the item.
    • Pop(): Removes and returns the top element.
      • If the stack is empty, returns stackEmpty().
      • Otherwise decrement top and return the element.
    • stackFull(): Handles the scenario if a stack is full.

    Stacks using Dynamic Arrays

    • Stacks can also be implemented using dynamic arrays.
    • This allows the size of the stack to be adjusted during program execution.
    • REALLOC is often used for dynamic memory allocation.
    • capacity variable is used to track current size.

    Stack Applications: Polish Notation

    • An expression is a sequence of operators and operands which evaluate to a single value.
    • Infix Expression: Operators are placed between operands. Ex: A + B
    • Prefix Expression (Polish Notation): Operators come before their operands. Ex: + AB
    • Postfix Expression (Reverse Polish Notation): Operators come after their operands. Ex: AB+

    Evaluation of Postfix Expression

    • Evaluating a postfix expression is simpler than an infix expression.
    • Operands are pushed onto a stack.
    • When an operator is encountered, the required number of operands are popped, the operation is performed, and the result is pushed onto the stack.
    • The final result is at the top of the stack.

    Recursion

    • A recursive procedure is one that calls itself directly or indirectly.
    • Criteria (base criteria) exist where the procedure does not call itself.
    • Each recursive call should move closer to the base criteria.

    Factorial Function

    • The factorial of a non-negative integer n, denoted by n!, is the product of all positive integers from 1 to n.
    • 0! = 1
    • n! = n * (n-1)! (for n > 0)

    Queues

    • A queue is an ordered list where insertions occur at one end(rear) and deletions occur at the other end (front).
    • First-In-First-Out (FIFO)
    • The first element added is the first element removed.

    Queue Representation Using Arrays

    • QUEUE is a linear array.
    • FRONT points to the front element.
    • REAR points to the rear element.
    • FRONT=REAR when the queue is empty.

    Queue Operations

    • Queue CreateQ(): Initializes a queue with maximum size.
    • IsEmptyQ(): Checks if the queue is empty. returns true if front == rear
    • IsFullQ(): Checks if the queue is full. Returns true if rear== MAX_QUEUE_SIZE-1
    • addq(item): Adds an item to the queue.
    • deleteQ(): Removes an item from the queue. Returns the item if successful; otherwise an error code.

    Circular Queues

    • When the queue is full, but there is empty space at the beginning.
    • This issue is addressed by using a circular queue implementation.

    Priority Queues

    • Elements in a priority queue are assigned a priority.
    • Elements with higher priority are processed before those with lower priority.
    • Elements with the same priority are processed in the order they were added to the queue.

    Ackermann Function

    • Ackermann function is a recursive function with two arguments.
    • The function is defined recursively in terms of itself.

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    Data Structures and Applications (15CS33) Module 2 (simplified) PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers essential concepts of stacks and queues, specifically focusing on stack operations and their array representation. Explore the key features, including LIFO behavior, and the functions that manipulate stack data structures. Test your understanding of how stacks are created and managed in computer programming.

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