HEALTH PROMOTION AND CARE OF THE OLDER ADULT

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Questions and Answers

What age range defines the 'young-old' subgroup of older adulthood?

  • 65–74 years (correct)
  • 75–84 years
  • 100 years and older
  • 85–99 years

Which demographic trend is expected regarding the older adult population by the year 2050?

  • Population will be primarily Hispanic
  • Population will remain stable
  • Population will decrease by 10%
  • Population will more than double (correct)

What percent of the US population was 65 years of age and older in 2015?

  • 24%
  • 18.5%
  • 10.2%
  • 14.9% (correct)

Which term is used to refer to individuals who are older than 100 years of age?

<p>Centenarians (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the term 'frail elderly' specifically defined in the context of older adulthood?

<p>Individuals over 75 years old with health concerns (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested about chronologic age in predicting health or behavior among older adults?

<p>It may not be an accurate predictor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the older adult population is estimated to be women by 2050?

<p>54% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Hispanic older adults will make up the population?

<p>21.2% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor has NOT contributed to the increased complexity of healthcare for older adults?

<p>Decreased number of chronic diseases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can help older adults reduce their risk of heart disease?

<p>Quitting smoking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common myth about older adults concerning memory loss?

<p>All older adults have dementia. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does wellness NOT encompass?

<p>Absence of diseases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccination is recommended for individuals over the age of 60?

<p>Zoster (shingles) vaccine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of older adults live independently in their own homes?

<p>80% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is critical for achieving a balanced wellness according to the principles outlined?

<p>Regular physical activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about older adults is NOT true?

<p>Most older adults feel isolated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of ageism as described in the content?

<p>Describing prejudices against older adults (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that personality remains the same as individuals age?

<p>Continuous Theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a biologic theory of aging mentioned in the content?

<p>Cognitive Decline Theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major piece of legislation was established in 1935 to provide financial security for older adults?

<p>Social Security Act (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of caregivers for older adults as described in the content?

<p>To support older adults and manage stress-related issues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychosocial theory describes the withdrawal of older adults and society over time?

<p>Disengagement Theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of discrimination against older adults mirrors the effects of racism and sexism?

<p>Ageism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, which of the following best describes the impact of free radicals as a biological aging theory?

<p>They damage cells and interfere with body function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of health care does the Affordable Care Act emphasize for older adults?

<p>Encouragement of preventive services (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Older Adulthood Subgroups

Older adulthood is divided into young-old (65-74), middle-old (75-84), old-old (85-99), and elite-old (100+).

Frail Elderly

Term for individuals over 75 with health concerns.

Centenarian

Individual over 100 years of age.

Chronological Age

Age expressed in years since birth.

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US Older Adult Population Growth

The population of those 65+ has been growing twice as fast as the overall population in the past couple of decades in the USA, and projected to increase substantially by 2050.

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2050 US Older Adult Population

Projected to be well over 83.7 million, more than double the 2015 number, being approximately 23.55% of the USA population.

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Gender Distribution of Older Adults

In the USA, older adults are estimated to be approximately 54% female, for 2050, and 46% male in 2050.

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Racial Composition of Older Adults

In 2060, it is estimated that most older adults in the USA will be Non-Hispanic white.

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Hispanic older adults population percentage

Hispanic older adults will make up 21.2% of the population.

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Non-Hispanic African American population percentage

Non-Hispanic African Americans make up 12.5% of the population.

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Other races population percentage

Other races make up the remaining 10.3% of the population.

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2015 U.S. life expectancy

The average lifespan in the United States was 79.3 years in 2015.

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U.S. life expectancy ranking (2015)

The U.S. ranked 30th in the world for life expectancy in 2015.

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Life expectancy increase (past 50 years)

American life expectancy has increased by almost 10 years in the past 50 years.

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Complex health care for older adults

Health care for older adults is more challenging due to scientific advancements, increased life expectancy, and ethical concerns.

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Normal aging vs. disease

Understanding the difference between age-related changes and illness is crucial for appropriate care.

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Older adult diversity

Older adults are diverse in terms of age, experience, and health.

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Wellness beyond the absence of disease

Wellness involves optimal functioning, encompassing emotional, social, cultural, and physical well-being even during illness or end-of-life.

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Wellness balance

Wellness involves balancing emotional, spiritual, social, cultural, and physical aspects of life.

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Primary prevention (older adults)

Primary prevention in older adults focuses on lifestyle choices to prevent diseases, like exercise and good nutrition.

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Primary prevention examples

Examples of primary prevention include exercise, smoking cessation, balanced diet, and vaccinations.

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Secondary Prevention (older adults)

Secondary prevention focuses on detecting and treating diseases early in older adults.

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Healthy aging myths

Many myths surround aging, including the idea that everyone becomes senile or isolated in old age.

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Dementia prevalence (older adults)

Dementia is not a normal part of aging. Prevalence is low in those 65 and higher.

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Healthy aging reality (homeownership)

Most older adults live in their own homes, not nursing homes.

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Healthy aging reality (energy levels)

Energy levels in old age are largely determined by lifestyle and attitude, not necessarily age.

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Myths about Aging

Generalizations about aging that often focus on negative aspects and are frequently inaccurate.

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Theories of Aging

Experts' attempts to explain the aging process, divided into biological and psychosocial categories.

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Ageism

Prejudice or discrimination against older adults.

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Social Security Act (1935)

Landmark legislation providing financial security for older adults.

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Programmed Aging (Biological Theory)

Aging occurs when cells can no longer reproduce as they age; a limited number of cell divisions.

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Genetic Factors (Biological Theory)

Inherited traits influence life expectancy.

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Immunologic Theory (Biological)

Weakening of the immune system's ability to fight infection and disease, which leads to aging.

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Free Radical Theory (Biological)

Extra electrons produced during metabolism can damage cells and contribute to aging.

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Wear and Tear Theory (Biological)

Cells and body systems wear down over time due to stress and damage.

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Erikson's Developmental Stages (Psychosocial)

Acceptance of one's life and lifestyle in the last stage, leading to ego integrity.

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Disengagement Theory (Psychosocial)

Older adults and society gradually withdraw from each other, which is mutually beneficial.

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Exchange Theory (Psychosocial)

Aging results in reduced interaction between older adults and society due to decreased value.

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Activity Theory (Psychosocial)

Maintaining social interactions fosters positive self-concept in older adults.

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Continuity Theory (Psychosocial)

Personality remains consistent, and behavior becomes more predictable as people age.

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Older Americans Act (OAA)

Legislation protecting the rights and dignity of older adults, especially those in vulnerable circumstances

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Caregiver Support Programs

Programs to help caregivers of older adults.

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Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA)

Law increasing access to healthcare, including services for older adults.

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Stress of Caregiving

Feelings of burden, frustration, and loss of independence from providing care to older adults

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Study Notes

Lifespan Considerations: Older Adulthood

  • Older adulthood is divided into four subgroups: young-old (65-74), middle-old (75-84), old-old (85-99), and elite-old (100+).
  • "Frail elderly" refers to individuals over 75 with health concerns.
  • Centenarians are those aged 100+.
  • Chronological age isn't always a reliable indicator of health or behavior; some individuals may exhibit "old" characteristics in their 50s.
  • Increased longevity and active lifestyles are common in older adults.

Demographics of Older Adults

  • In 2015, 47.9 million people aged 65+ resided in the US (14.9% of the population).
  • The population of older adults is growing at twice the rate of the overall population.
  • By 2050, estimates predict 83.7 million people over 65 in the US (23.55% of population).
  • Approximately 54% of older adults are women.
  • Predictions show persistent majority of older adults are non-Hispanic Whites (56%) with significant Hispanic (21.2%) and Non-Hispanic African American (12.5%) populations.
  • US Life expectancy in 2015 was 79.3 years (rank 30th globally), increasing by almost 10 years in the last 50.

Wellness, Health Promotion, and Disease Prevention in Older Adults

  • Wellness encompasses emotional, spiritual, social, cultural, and physical well-being, even during chronic illness/dying.
  • Nurses help older adults adapt to life situations to achieve wellness balance.
  • Health promotion emphasizes individual strengths and abilities.
  • Primary prevention focuses on exercise, avoiding smoking, balanced diet, and vaccinations (flu, Td, zoster, pneumococcal-PCV13, and PPSV23).
  • Secondary prevention aims at early detection/treatment of conditions: heart disease, hypertension, cancer, infections, polypharmacy, nutrition, oral health, osteoporosis, falls, social isolation, (Table 33.1).

Healthy Aging: Myths and Realities

  • Ageism is prejudice against older adults, often stemming from negative stereotypes.
  • Aging doesn't automatically lead to senility or dementia (6%-8% over 65, and 1/3 over 85).
  • Common myths include:
  • All old people are senile.
  • Forgetfulness indicates declining mental capacity.
  • Older adults are isolated.
  • Most older adults live in nursing homes.
  • Older adults are universally fatigued.
  • Older adults are universally ill/disabled.

Theories of Aging

  • Biological theories attempt to explain the aging process (programmed aging, genetic factors, immunologic factors, free radical, wear and tear)
  • Psychosocial theories explain responses of older adults in late adulthood. (Erikson's Developmental Stages, Disengagement Theory, Exchange Theory, Activity Theory, Continuity Theory). (Box 33.4)

Legislation Affecting Older Adults

  • Key legislation impacting older adults includes the Social Security Act (1935), Older Americans Act (1965 - amended 2006), and the National Family Caregiver Support Program (2000), and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA).
  • The ACA aims to improve healthcare access by paying preventive services to Medicare and providing discounts to eligible seniors for prescription medications.
  • The ACA has raised concerns regarding costs to beneficiaries and insurers.

Psychosocial Concerns of Older Adults

  • Caregiving stresses: Caregivers face time constraints, risk stress disorders (depression, anxiety), potential for family conflicts, and sandwich generation challenges (caring for elders and children).
  • Loss, grief, and depression: Older adults experience losses across various aspects of life (personal, social, and economic).
  • Coping with loss and grief requires addressing isolation and self-pity, helping others, joining groups, activities, adopting pets, maintaining independence, and maintaining a sense of humor.
  • Depression symptoms are common in older adults; misdiagnosis is possible.
  • End-of-life care: Nurses meet the holistic needs (physical, spiritual, psychosocial)of dying patients, including their families, respecting cultural/religious beliefs. Nurses follow the Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA) and advance directives (living wills, durable powers of attorney, DNR orders).

Additional Information

  • Box 33.1 details traits of a healthy person.
  • Box 33.3 lists common myths associated with aging

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