SRE Best Practices
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following represents the MOST critical aspect of 'golden signals' in monitoring?

  • The infrastructure cost associated with handling requests.
  • The volume of requests processed by the system, showing load.
  • The rate at which requests fail, indicating underlying issues. (correct)
  • The resource utilization of the system, indicating capacity headroom.

Which Puppet Labs feature enables identification and categorization of cloud nodes?

  • Provisioning
  • Delivery
  • Discovery (correct)
  • Insight

Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) is BEST described as a(n) _______ approach to IT operations.

  • simulation engineering
  • security engineering
  • software engineering (correct)
  • structural engineering

Which practice BEST represents the 'engineering' facet of SRE?

<p>Applying software development best practices to solve operational problems and automate solutions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST accurate explanation of the value of data-driven measurements in SRE?

<p>Analyzing data to ensure facts drive decision-making. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the continuous improvement cycle, which phase focuses on identifying areas where processes or systems are underperforming?

<p>Check (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following strategies is MOST effective for mitigating the risks associated with complex system deployments?

<p>Blue/Green deployments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices is MOST likely to reduce toil for an SRE team?

<p>Automated incident response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of a Production Readiness Review (PRR) concerning on-call rotations?

<p>To validate the service is ready for an SRE team to take over support. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be considered a vital characteristic of a product team?

<p>Small and collaborative with cross-functional skillsets. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it generally not recommended to pursue a 100% availability SLO (Service Level Objective)?

<p>It is often unrealistic given service complexity and resource constraints. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements defines the most important aspect of a canary release?

<p>A new set of features released first to a small group of users. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most probable outcome when team members prioritize individual components over complete functionality?

<p>Increased self-reliance and decreased productivity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core principle of Kaizen?

<p>Continuous improvement through small, incremental changes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of on-call rotations, what is the primary goal of automating common troubleshooting tasks?

<p>To speed up resolution and reduce the burden on on-call engineers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company is adopting SRE principles, which includes on-call rotations. What would be the MOST effective way to improve the handoff process between on-call engineers during shift changes?

<p>Ensure clear, concise, and up-to-date documentation, along with a brief verbal summary. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a Kaizen mindset?

<p>A desire to seek out problems, find their root cause(s), and document lessons learned. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When applied to service levels, the principle of decreasing marginal productivity is represented in three stages. Which of the following is NOT one of these stages?

<p>Possible returns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Microservices are independent services that are developed, deployed, and maintained separately. Which of the following best justifies the use of this application architecture?

<p>Creating a simple, lightweight business application. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the two key elements that an error budget balances?

<p>Innovation and reliability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best illustrates how stability and agility can be achieved with simplicity?

<p>An SRE team is adopting easy to understand change procedures to streamline the process. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of a blameless postmortem?

<p>Focusing on systemic issues and process improvements to prevent recurrence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An organization wants to improve its incident response process. Which of the following actions would be MOST effective in achieving this?

<p>Conducting regular drills and simulations to test the effectiveness of the incident response plan. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios demonstrates the best application of observability principles?

<p>A team instruments their application with tracing and uses metrics to proactively identify and resolve performance bottlenecks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An SRE team uses processes to control updates to protect reliability. Which strategy aligns with this approach?

<p>Establishing a well-defined change management process with controlled deployments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of reliability monitoring strategy is most effective in SRE within digital experience monitoring and incident management?

<p>Instrumenting observability to gain monitoring insights across all components and layers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements provides the most accurate description of Kubernetes?

<p>A platform for managing containers, with automated scaling and failover capabilities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best demonstrates the swarming concept within incident management?

<p>Specialist teams meeting to determine who should handle incidents from an escalated queue. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What BEST describes the scope of DevOps continuous monitoring?

<p>Focusing on monitoring application performance and infrastructure health. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of implementing SLOs (Service Level Objectives) in SRE?

<p>To set measurable performance targets for services which align with user expectations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common goal of blameless postmortems in SRE practices?

<p>To create a safe environment for learning from incidents and preventing recurrence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of SRE, what is the main purpose of toil reduction?

<p>To automate repetitive and mundane tasks, freeing up engineers for strategic work. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options defines infrastructure monitoring automation most effectively?

<p>Deploying integrated monitoring tools and event thresholds for infrastructure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term BEST describes the probability that a system will meet performance standards and produce correct output for a specified duration?

<p>Reliability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST describes capacity planning?

<p>Determining the maximum capacity a resource can accommodate or deliver. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Analyzing a major outage to understand its causes and impacts exemplifies which of the following?

<p>A postmortem culture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What's the primary purpose of an error budget policy?

<p>To guide decisions on when and how to respond to errors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement BEST describes a key advantage of using a container-based structure for software deployment?

<p>Containers' portability allows software to run independently of the host operating system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is MOST crucial when selecting a monitoring tool for a cloud-based application?

<p>The tool's ability to integrate with other services and provide comprehensive visibility. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST significant benefit of implementing automated incident response in a cloud environment?

<p>Faster incident resolution and reduced downtime. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do software applications often exhibit enhanced efficiency when executed within containers?

<p>Containers facilitate resource sharing with the host OS, minimizing overhead. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario BEST exemplifies the 'engineering' aspect of work undertaken by an SRE (Site Reliability Engineer)?

<p>Developing an automated script to dynamically scale resources based on real-time demand. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST illustrates a Defense in Depth (DiD) strategy?

<p>Implementing multiple security controls across different layers to protect data. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which layer of the defense in depth model does data transit to and from external networks, including the Internet?

<p>Perimeter layer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key reason for promoting blameless postmortems in SRE?

<p>To foster a culture of learning and prevent recurrence of similar incidents. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does effective monitoring contribute to improved system reliability?

<p>It enables proactive identification and resolution of potential problems. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which practice BEST balances feature development velocity with system stability in SRE?

<p>Implementing robust automated testing and continuous integration/continuous deployment (CI/CD) pipelines. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST effective initial step in applying SRE principles to an organization with a traditionally siloed operational structure?

<p>Establishing shared ownership and responsibility between development and operations teams. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Golden Signal for Errors

The rate of failed requests, whether explicit, implicit, or by policy.

Puppet Labs Discovery

The ability to locate, identify, and group cloud nodes.

SRE Approach

A software engineering approach to IT operations.

Engineering side of SRE

Applying software development best practices to solving operational problems and automating solutions.

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Value of Data-Driven Measurements

Ensuring fact-based decision-making through analysis and understanding of data.

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SRE Reliability Control

Using processes to keep updates reliable.

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Reliability Monitoring Strategy

Monitoring across components and layers for insights.

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Kubernetes

A platform to manage containers, including scaling and failover.

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Swarming in Incident Management

Specialist teams meeting to assign incidents.

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Incident Swarming

A group of specialist teams meet to review a queue of escalated incidents to determine who should work on which one

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On-Call Rotation

A period where engineers are 'on duty' to respond to incidents and maintain system reliability.

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Production Readiness Review (PRR) objective

Production Readiness Review: ensure the service is ready for an SRE team to take over support and care for it.

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Characteristics of a Product Team

Small, collaborative teams with cross-functional skillsets.

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Rationale for NOT seeking 100% availability

It is not realistic for the complexity and scale of services.

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Canary Release Definition

A new set of features is released first to a small group of users.

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Outcome: 'parts' before 'whole'

Increased introversion and decreased efficiency.

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Kaizen Definition

Continuous improvement using small, incremental changes.

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System Event Monitoring

The deployment of integrated monitoring tools and event thresholds for infrastructure.

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Reliability

The probability a system meets performance standards and yields correct output for a specific time.

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Capacity Planning

Activities used to create a plan that manages resources to meet service demand.

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Postmortem Culture

An analysis conducted after a major outage.

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Error Budget Policy

Designed to decide when and how to intervene based on error rates.

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Container-based structure Advantage

Portability enabling software to run independently of the host operating system.

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Kaizen Mindset

A desire to seek out problems, find their root cause, and document lessons learned.

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Decreasing Marginal Productivity (Service Levels)

Service levels experience stages of increasing, diminishing, and negative returns as resources are applied.

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Microservices Justification

Independent services, separately developed, deployed, and maintained, best for simple, lightweight applications

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Error Budget's Key Elements

Balances innovation (new features) and reliability (stability).

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Simplicity for Stability & Agility

Streamlining change processes reduces complexity and increases understanding, improving stability and agility.

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Another definition for Kaizen Mindset

Enthusiasm for learning and applying problem-solving techniques in order to improve performance

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An alternative definition of Kaizen

A willingness to recognize problems, prioritize them find their solutions and share lessons learned

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An Experimental Kaizen

Passionate about improvement by using experimentation to identify the best-possible problem solutions

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Containers Efficiency

Running software more efficiently due to virtual machine capabilities.

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SRE Engineering Approach

An SRE rapidly codes a solution to automate a daily tuning activity by following a set of best practices and principles.

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Perimeter Layer

The layer in network security where data enters and exits, connecting to other networks and the Internet.

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Defense in Depth

Using an understanding of the infrastructure, the data, and how traffic flows through the network to prevent attacks.

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SRE Automation

Applying automation to reduce manual effort, improve service delivery, and address operational problems.

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SRE Definition

The practice of applying software engineering principles to IT operations.

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Data-Driven Measurements

Using data and metrics for making well-informed decisions and improvements in system reliability and efficiency.

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Errors Golden Signal

Monitoring the rate of requests that result in an error, indicating issues in system performance or reliability.

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Study Notes

  • The document contains 40 questions and answers related to the PeopleCert DevOps Site Reliability Engineer exam.
  • The version number of the product questions is 4.0.

Question 1

  • The best example of an SRE team embracing full-service ownership involves accountability for coding, shipping, and improving the application.

Question 2

  • Achieving higher levels of availability involves measuring critical aspects and maintaining a close relationship with development teams.

Question 3

  • An error budget allows for a maximum change velocity because developers must slow down feature changes in line with the percentage the budget is used.

Question 4

  • A business continuity plan is the way an organization maintains operations during a disaster.

Question 5

  • A launch coordination engineer acts as a consultant and liaison between the parties involved in a launch.

Question 6

  • The role responsible for maintaining the live incident state document is the incident commander.

Question 7

  • A customer reliability engineer (CRE) uses deep engineering expertise to improve the cloud provider's services.

Question 8

  • Service level indicators are the measurements for the service level objectives.

Question 9

  • "Problem-solving with a group of people with different skillsets" implies collaboration.

Question 10

  • Skipped

Question 11

  • The ability to locate, identify, and group cloud nodes is described as 'discovery' in Puppet Labs.

Question 12

  • Site reliability engineering is a software engineering approach to IT operations.

Question 13

  • The engineering side of SRE involves applying software development best practices to solving operational problems and automating solutions.

Question 14

  • The value of data-driven measurements is that an analysis and understanding of data helps to ensure fact-based decision-making.

Question 15

  • Traditional escalation paths are functional and hierarchical.

Question 16

  • Adopting advanced technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) is compelling to increase reliability by reducing MTTR and MTRS when outages are repetitive.

Question 17

  • A service level indicator (SLI) is a quantitative measure of some aspect of the level of service that is provided.

Question 18

  • Free data flow within and around the SRE team contributes to the effectiveness of the SRE team.

Question 19

  • Engineering operational work to scale with a growing application is best achieved by addressing toll issues.

Question 20

  • A desired objective of the production readiness review (PRR) is to validate the service meets international quality standards and frameworks.

Question 21

  • Product teams are small, collaborative, and have cross-functional skillsets.

Question 22

  • The most important rationale for NOT seeking an SLO of 100% availability is that it is not realistic for the complexity and scale of services.

Question 23

  • A canary release involves releasing a new set of features first to a small group of users.

Question 24

  • Putting the 'parts' before the 'whole' results in increased employee introversion and decreased efficiency.

Question 25

  • A Kaizen mindset involves a desire to seek out problems, find their root cause, and document the lessons learned.

Question 26

  • "Possible returns" is not one of the stages when applying the principle of decreasing marginal productivity to service levels. The actual stages are negative, increasing, and diminishing.

Question 27

  • Microservices' use is justified for creating a simple, lightweight business application.

Question 28

  • An error budget balances innovation and reliability.

Question 29

  • Stability and agility are achieved with simplicity when an SRE team creates procedures, practices and tools that render software more reliable.

Question 30

  • The best type of reliability monitoring strategy in SRE is one that instruments observability and provides monitoring insights across all components and layers.

Question 31

  • Kubernetes is a platform used to manage containers in a cloud environment and also includes automated scaling and failover.

Question 32

  • During incident management, swarming involves a group of specialist teams meeting and reviewing a queue of escalated incidents to determine who should work on which one.

Question 33

  • DevOps continuous monitoring involves the deployment of a set of integrated monitoring tools and event thresholds for infrastructure.

Question 34

  • Reliability is defined as the probability that the system will meet certain performance standards and yield correct output for a specific time.

Question 35

  • Capacity planning pertains to determining the maximum amount that any resource can accommodate or deliver.

Question 36

  • Analyzing an outage following a major outage constitutes a postmortem culture.

Question 37

  • An error budget policy is designed to decide when and how to intervene.

Question 38

  • An advantage of a container-based structure is that the portability created by containers enables software to run independently of the host operating system.

Question 39

  • The engineering approach for work done within SRE is rapidly coding a solution to automate a daily tuning activity by following a set of best practices and principles.

Question 40

  • The perimeter layer is the defense depth (DiD) layer where data flows in from and out to other networks, including the Internet.

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Description

This lesson explores Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) principles and practices. It covers golden signals, cloud node identification, data-driven measurements, and toil reduction. Also touched upon are continuous improvements and product readiness reviews.

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