SPVV 102 Lecture 6: Child Development Insights

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Questions and Answers

What type of emotions do children start to develop alongside basic emotions as they grow older?

  • Inherent emotions like love and friendship
  • Complex emotions such as joy and enthusiasm
  • Self-conscious emotions such as guilt, pride, and shame (correct)
  • Transitory emotions like surprise and confusion

At what age do children begin to predict the behavior of others based on emotions?

  • Ages 4 to 5 (correct)
  • Ages 1 to 2
  • Ages 5 to 6
  • Ages 3 to 4

How do families that discuss emotions influence children's emotional capabilities?

  • They promote physical expression of emotions.
  • They reduce understanding of emotional situations.
  • They increase emotional intelligence and ability to judge emotions. (correct)
  • They limit children's emotional vocabulary.

What is a common difficulty children face regarding emotional understanding?

<p>Understanding conflicting emotions like happiness and disappointment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors influences the development of fear in children?

<p>Temperament, environment, and parents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one notable difference between boys and girls in early development?

<p>Boys have better visual spatial skills than girls. (A), Girls have a higher average vocabulary than boys. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children typically begin to label themselves as boys or girls?

<p>2-4 years old (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical milestone in the acquisition of gender identity?

<p>Labeling oneself correctly as male or female (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically strengthens the awareness of gender stereotypes in children?

<p>Age, particularly at 6 years old (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a process involved in gender role development?

<p>Identification and awareness of gender labels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily linked to male aggressiveness and competitiveness?

<p>Testosterone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically characterizes the development of gender-typed behavioral patterns in children?

<p>Tendency to display behaviors associated with their gender (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do biological theories explain gender differences?

<p>By examining chromosomes and hormone influences on development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concept behind the Social Learning Theory in gender role development?

<p>The social environment influences gender role determinations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the Cognitive Developmental Theory suggest that children first develop gender identity?

<p>Age 3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory posits that children imitate individuals of their own gender through observation?

<p>Social Learning Theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'self-socialisation' refer to in the context of gender development?

<p>Children gather information about gender roles independently. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three stages in the Cognitive Developmental Theory according to Kohlberg?

<p>Gender identity, gender stability, gender constancy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a critique of the Cognitive Developmental Theory?

<p>Gender roles can be influenced more by peers than by parents. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a characteristic of Gender Schema Theory?

<p>It indicates that children actively search for gender-related knowledge. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do parents typically play in the Social Learning Theory according to the information provided?

<p>They often hold traditional views and reinforce gender roles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way that parents can influence sibling relationships?

<p>Treating each sibling with equal affection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a gender schema?

<p>A cognitive structure that organizes the social world into male and female (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of play involves manipulating objects to create something?

<p>Constructive play (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of aggression is characterized by physical acts intended to obtain an object?

<p>Instrumental aggression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sequence do children's play styles typically follow?

<p>Solitary play to parallel play to cooperative play (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a goal-corrected relationship in attachment?

<p>The child no longer shows distress during separation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reaction of children when a new sibling is born?

<p>Withdrawal and regressive behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parenting style is characterized by high nurturance but low expectations and control?

<p>Permissive (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of parenting is crucial for a child's healthy development?

<p>Warmth, clarity, expectations, and communication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should parents intervene during sibling conflicts?

<p>To help siblings learn how to resolve disputes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of social pretend play?

<p>Engaging in make-believe scenarios (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes securely attached children?

<p>They tend to exhibit fewer behavioral difficulties (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do children typically remember information related to their gender schema?

<p>They remember information that aligns with their schema more accurately (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that aggression is an inherent trait in humans?

<p>Instinct theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an attribute of authoritarian parenting?

<p>High in control and expectations but low in nurturance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do cognitive factors play in the development of aggression?

<p>They determine how children interpret hostile intentions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that frustration can lead to aggression due to negative feelings?

<p>Frustration-aggression hypothesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can parenting styles influence a child's aggression?

<p>Cold and rejecting parents tend to raise more aggressive children. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in children learning aggressive behaviors according to social learning theory?

<p>Reinforcement of aggressive behavior and imitation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT typically contribute to higher levels of aggression in children?

<p>High levels of parental nurturance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of aggression is highlighted by the view of aggressive children regarding outcomes?

<p>They expect aggression to lead to social rewards. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is least likely to influence a child's perception of aggression as a normal behavior?

<p>The child's independent nature. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an inherent characteristic of prosocial behavior?

<p>It is a voluntary action meant to benefit others. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Developing Self-Conscious Emotions

Children start to experience emotions like guilt, pride, and shame, alongside basic emotions like happy, sad, and angry. This happens as they grow more aware of themselves and others.

Emotional Understanding Improvement

Preschoolers become more capable of understanding their own and others' emotions, which aids in social interaction. This is especially seen in more developed language skills about emotions.

Emotional Expression Complexity

Children's expression of emotions evolves from simple displays to more complex ways of showing them, such as clapping or jumping for joy rather than just smiling. Also, this includes learning to control emotion expression.

Fear and Anxiety Development

Children develop fears and anxieties as they grow, sometimes due to their temperament, environment, or parents. It can also be developed due to encountering new and unknown dangers.

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Emotional Intelligence and Family

Families who talk about emotions help children better understand and interpret emotions in themselves and others, leading to improved emotional intelligence.

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Gender Role Development

The process of acquiring behaviors, attitudes, and values deemed appropriate for males and females in a society.

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Gender Identity

A child's understanding of themselves as male or female.

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Gender Stereotypes

Generalized beliefs about the characteristics, behaviors, and roles that are considered appropriate for men and women.

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Gender-Typed Behavior

Actions and behaviors typically associated with a particular gender, such as boys playing with cars and girls playing with dolls.

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Biological Theories of Gender

The idea that biological factors, such as chromosomes and hormones, play a significant role in shaping gender differences.

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Hormonal Influence on Gender

Hormones, like testosterone and estrogen, influence physical development and behaviors related to gender.

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Gender Constancy

The understanding that gender is permanent and does not change, even with changes in appearance or behavior.

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Gender Stereotypes in Adolescence

As children grow, they begin to question and challenge rigid gender stereotypes, leading to more flexible views.

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Androgenital Syndrome (AGS)

A condition where a child is born with ambiguous sexual organs, often due to a mix of male and female features. This can be a result of hormonal imbalances influencing the development of male and female reproductive organs.

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Social Learning Theory of Gender

This theory suggests that children learn gender roles mainly through their social environment. They acquire these roles by observing and imitating others, as well as through rewards and punishments for gender-appropriate and inappropriate behavior.

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Differential Reinforcement

A key part of social learning theory, this means children are rewarded for behaviors considered typical of their gender and punished for those considered atypical. This shapes their understanding of gender roles.

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Observation and Modeling

Another important part of social learning theory, children learn gender roles by observing and imitating models (parents, teachers, TV characters) of their own gender, adopting their behaviors and beliefs.

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Cognitive Development Theory

This theory proposes that children develop an understanding of gender through their cognitive development and understanding of concepts like 'male' and 'female'. This means they actively seek information and learn about gender roles.

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Gender Stability

This is the second stage in Kohlberg's theory, where children grasp the concept that gender is stable over time. They understand that someone who is a girl today will still be a girl tomorrow.

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Gender Schema

A mental framework that organizes our understanding of the social world based on male and female categories.

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Same/Opposite Gender Schema

A simple mental framework that identifies behaviors considered appropriate for boys and girls (e.g., girls playing with dolls, boys with cars).

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Own-Gender Schema

A more complex mental framework that includes one's own gender and serves as a guide for appropriate behavior.

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Goal-Corrected Partnership

A stage in development where children understand the continued existence of the parent-child relationship, even when physically apart.

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Parenting Styles

Different approaches parents use in raising their children, characterized by various combinations of warmth, control, expectations, and communication.

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Authoritative Parenting

A parenting style high in warmth, control, expectations, and communication. Encourages independence while setting clear boundaries.

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Authoritarian Parenting

A parenting style high in control and expectations, but low in warmth and communication. Emphasizes obedience and strict rules.

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Permissive Parenting

A parenting style high in warmth, but low in control, expectations, and communication. Focuses on being a friend rather than a parent.

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Sibling Conflict

Disagreements between siblings, often over possessions, during early childhood. It's a natural part of development and can be viewed as an opportunity for social learning.

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Parental Influence on Sibling Relationships

The way parents interact with their children influences their sibling relationship. Positive parental relationships lead to positive sibling relationships, while conflict between parents can lead to conflict between siblings.

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Birth of a Sibling

The arrival of a new sibling can be distressing for existing children, leading to withdrawal, anxiety, and regressive behavior to regain parental attention.

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Importance of Peer Relationships

Peer relationships are fundamental to social development, providing opportunities for interaction, learning, and skill enhancement.

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Types of Play

Different types of play reflect developmental stages in preschool years. They include functional play, constructive play, social pretend play, and games with rules.

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Aggression in Peer Relationships

Aggressive behavior in peer relationships involves physical or verbal actions intended to injure or harm someone. It emerges early in development as children interact more with others.

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Instrumental Aggression

A type of aggression used to obtain something, like a toy, usually seen in younger children (1 to 2 years).

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Hostile Aggression

Aggression intended solely to hurt someone, whether through hitting, insulting, or other hurtful actions. More common in older preschoolers (4 to 7 years).

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Biological Theory of Aggression

This theory suggests that aggression is influenced by innate factors like brain structures, hormones, and genetics. It argues that differences in these factors contribute to individual variations in aggression.

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Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

This hypothesis proposes that aggression stems from frustration, which arises when a person is blocked from achieving their goals. It suggests an emotional link between blocked goals and angry outbursts.

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Cognitive Factors in Aggression

This aspect focuses on the mental processes influencing aggression. These include how we interpret situations, perceive intentions, and evaluate the consequences of aggression.

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Intentions in Aggression

This factor refers to the perceived intentions behind another person's actions. When children perceive hostility, they are more likely to react aggressively compared to when they perceive it as accidental.

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Social Learning Theory of Aggression

This theory emphasizes how people learn aggressive behaviors through observation and reinforcement. Children learn by imitating others, especially parents and figures in media.

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Parenting Styles and Aggression

The parenting approach significantly impacts child aggression. Cold, rejecting, or harsh parenting can cultivate more aggression in children compared to nurturing and supportive parenting.

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Community Violence and Aggression

Exposure to violence in the community can influence aggression levels in both children and adults. Frequent exposure to violence can desensitize individuals and increase their own aggression.

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Media Influence on Aggression

Exposure to violent media, such as video games or television shows, can have a detrimental effect on children's behavior. It can desensitize them to violence, making them more aggressive and desensitized to the consequences of violence.

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Study Notes

SPVV 102 Lecture 6: Cognitive, Personality, and Social Development of Pre-School Children

  • Cognitive Development & the Media: Children are exposed to various media (TV, tablets, internet). Psychologists debate the benefits and harms of media exposure on child development.
  • Criticism of Television: Displaced time view (inhibits other activities like reading or play), passivity view (creates inactivity), shallow information processing view (results in shorter attention spans), visual/iconic view (focuses on visuals and not inferences).
  • Principles for Healthier Media Literacy: Parents, caregivers, and teachers should differentiate between entertainment and reality, encourage critical engagement with media content, and limit screen time.

Early Childhood Education

  • Importance of Pre-Primary: Pre-primary education widens a child's physical, cognitive, and social environments, fostering acquisition of language literacy, motor skills for writing, numeracy, and a positive learning attitude.
  • Approaches for Teaching and Learning: Common approaches include Child-Centered, Direct Instruction, and Montessori.

1) Child-Centered Approach

  • Emphasis: Focuses on nurturance and the learning process, not just the learned material. It considers emotional, social, cognitive, and physical development. Learning is individualized, based on the child's needs, interests, and learning styles.
  • Principles: Young children learn best through hands-on experiences with people and materials; Play is crucial for development; Teachers are responsible for stimulating, directing, and supporting children's development.
  • Considerations: Approach is considered developmentally appropriate but instructional quality varies and benefits differ between children.

2) Direct Instruction Approach

  • Focus: Relies on abstract paper and pencil tasks and workbooks/ worksheets.
  • Method: Large group instruction, limited use of concrete experiences or hands-on activities. Learning is primarily teacher-led and centered on academic instruction.
  • Criticisms: Neglects social and emotional development, inappropriate for physically active, curious, and playful children.

3) Montessori Approach

  • Key Features: Children are given freedom to choose activities and move between them. Teachers act as facilitators, showing children how to perform tasks and providing help when needed. Emphasises independence and cognitive skills but can neglect social development.

Personality Development in Early Childhood

  • Complexity: Personality and social development become complex during preschool years.
  • Freud & Erikson: The phallic stage of Freud's theory and initiative versus guilt stage from Erikson's theory are applicable. Oedipus complex for boys, Electra complex for girls. Identity development.

Theories of Personality Development

  • Freud's perspective: Child development is rooted in biological drives, and early experiences shape personality (phallic stage).
  • Erikson's perspective: Initiative versus guilt in preschool is a crucial period influencing a child's sense of responsibility and purpose.
  • Social Learning Theory: Children's behavior is influenced by rewards, punishments, and role models. Self-esteem can be enhanced through positive reinforcement.

Emotions

  • Changes: The expression of basic emotions (happy, sad, angry) intensifies and becomes varied; Children start experiencing self-conscious emotions (guilt, pride, shame). Self-awareness grows.
  • Understanding Emotions: Pre-schoolers quickly develop a vocabulary for discussing emotions, learn to predict others' behaviour based on their emotions, and progressively understand the link between thoughts and emotions.
  • Emotional Control: Children develop strategies to control emotions and avoid emotionally negative situations.

Emotional Expression: Involving the Self

  • Emotional awareness: Preschoolers begin to understand their emotions, connecting them to selfhood and social interactions.
  • Self-conscious emotion: linked to self-evaluation, guiding behavior. Crucial for moral and performance-related development.

Emotional expression: Involving others

  • Empathy: Develops, shaped by parenting styles. Warm, empathetic parenting promotes empathy; cold, punitive parenting hinders it.

Emotional Regulation

  • Importance: Essential aspect of personality and social development.
  • Strategies: Children use various strategies to manage emotions—avoiding negative situations, using language to cope cognitively, masking, following cultural display rules.
  • Parental roles: Vary; emotion-coaching vs. dismissing approaches influence self-regulation.

Self-Concept

  • Importance: The person's view of him or herself is an important part of personality development.
  • Components: Includes developing self-esteem, gender identity, and ethnic identity, and awareness of their inner self.
  • Progression: Early preschoolers mainly define themselves by external attributes (name, age, possessions, etc.) while older pre-schoolers start to incorporate internal attributes to their self-awareness.

Self-Esteem

  • Definition: The evaluation of your characteristics (self-concept).
  • Significance: Impacts development across all areas.
  • Developmental aspects: Children's perceptions of themselves are influenced by experiences with various people.
  • Early Pre-School: Often have a high sense of self-esteem.

Self-Concept: Gender

  • Influence: Gender is a significant factor in how children perceive themselves.
  • Initial Beliefs Traditionally believed that boys and girls are fundamentally different psychologically; now understood that these differences are often based on societal expectations and stereotypes, not ingrained biology.

Gender Role Development

  • Components: Acquisition of gender identity, development of gender stereotypes, and gender-typed behavioral patterns.
  • Stages: Understanding of self as a gender (typically 2-4), developing gender stereotypes, adopting gender-typed behaviors.
  • Influences: Biological factors (hormones); Social learning theory (differential reinforcement and observation) influence gender role acquisition.
  • Cognitive theory perspectives: Gender understanding develops in stages - children can identify their gender quite early, but understand the permanence of the identity later.

Social Development: Parent-Child Relationships

  • Attachment: Attachment styles impact behavior; securely attached children typically handle challenges better. The goal-corrected nature of the relationship during preschooler years is important.
  • Parenting Styles: Four widely recognized parenting styles—Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, Uninvolved—differ in parental warmth, communication and control.
  • Sibling Relationships: Conflicts can be learning experiences; parental dynamics considerably influence these relationships. Sibling conflicts are commonplace, but need not be detrimental.

Social Development: Peer Relationships

  • Importance: Critical for social growth.
  • Types of Play: Stages from solitary, parallel play; cooperative play.
  • Play and Development: Play reflects development during preschool. Play activities encompass functional play, constructive play, and socio-dramatic play.

Peer Relationships Aggression

  • Types: Instrumental aggression (used to obtain something); hostile aggression (intent to hurt).
  • Developmental Significance: Expected during preschool years; excessive aggression may indicate problems. Aggression varies by child, and a wide range of factors can impact it.

Theories of Aggression

  • Instinct theory: Innate tendency towards aggression.
  • Biological theory: Brain areas, hormones, and genetics contribute.
  • Frustration-aggression hypothesis: Frustration causes aggression.
  • Cognitive factors: The perceived intent of others plays a role; cognitive biases can lead to aggression.

Social Factors Influencing Aggression

  • Media exposure to violence
  • Community violence
  • Parenting styles

Social Development: Prosocial Behaviour

  • Definition: Voluntary actions benefitting others.
  • Development: Starts early (age 2-3); influenced by empathy and emotional regulation.
  • Parenting: Nurturing parenting promotes prosocial behaviour.

Moral Development

  • Foundation: Involves emotional development along with self regulation and conscience development.
  • Lessons & Conflicts: Conflicts can enhance moral reasoning; experiencing negative emotions for violating rules promotes moral growth.

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