SPVV 102 Lecture 6: Child Development Insights

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Questions and Answers

What type of emotions do children start to develop alongside basic emotions as they grow older?

Inherent emotions like love and friendship

Complex emotions such as joy and enthusiasm

Self-conscious emotions such as guilt, pride, and shame (correct)

Transitory emotions like surprise and confusion

At what age do children begin to predict the behavior of others based on emotions?

Ages 4 to 5 (correct)

Ages 1 to 2

Ages 5 to 6

Ages 3 to 4

How do families that discuss emotions influence children's emotional capabilities?

They promote physical expression of emotions.

They reduce understanding of emotional situations.

They increase emotional intelligence and ability to judge emotions. (correct)

They limit children's emotional vocabulary.

What is a common difficulty children face regarding emotional understanding?

Understanding conflicting emotions like happiness and disappointment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors influences the development of fear in children?

Temperament, environment, and parents Signup and view all the answers

What is one notable difference between boys and girls in early development?

Boys have better visual spatial skills than girls. Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children typically begin to label themselves as boys or girls?

2-4 years old Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical milestone in the acquisition of gender identity?

Labeling oneself correctly as male or female Signup and view all the answers

What typically strengthens the awareness of gender stereotypes in children?

Age, particularly at 6 years old Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a process involved in gender role development?

Identification and awareness of gender labels Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily linked to male aggressiveness and competitiveness?

Testosterone Signup and view all the answers

What typically characterizes the development of gender-typed behavioral patterns in children?

Tendency to display behaviors associated with their gender Signup and view all the answers

How do biological theories explain gender differences?

By examining chromosomes and hormone influences on development Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concept behind the Social Learning Theory in gender role development?

The social environment influences gender role determinations. Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the Cognitive Developmental Theory suggest that children first develop gender identity?

Age 3 Signup and view all the answers

Which theory posits that children imitate individuals of their own gender through observation?

Social Learning Theory Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'self-socialisation' refer to in the context of gender development?

Children gather information about gender roles independently. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three stages in the Cognitive Developmental Theory according to Kohlberg?

Gender identity, gender stability, gender constancy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a critique of the Cognitive Developmental Theory?

Gender roles can be influenced more by peers than by parents. Signup and view all the answers

Which is a characteristic of Gender Schema Theory?

It indicates that children actively search for gender-related knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

What role do parents typically play in the Social Learning Theory according to the information provided?

They often hold traditional views and reinforce gender roles. Signup and view all the answers

What is one way that parents can influence sibling relationships?

Treating each sibling with equal affection Signup and view all the answers

What is a gender schema?

A cognitive structure that organizes the social world into male and female Signup and view all the answers

What type of play involves manipulating objects to create something?

Constructive play Signup and view all the answers

Which type of aggression is characterized by physical acts intended to obtain an object?

Instrumental aggression Signup and view all the answers

What sequence do children's play styles typically follow?

Solitary play to parallel play to cooperative play Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a goal-corrected relationship in attachment?

The child no longer shows distress during separation Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reaction of children when a new sibling is born?

Withdrawal and regressive behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which parenting style is characterized by high nurturance but low expectations and control?

Permissive Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of parenting is crucial for a child's healthy development?

Warmth, clarity, expectations, and communication Signup and view all the answers

Why should parents intervene during sibling conflicts?

To help siblings learn how to resolve disputes Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of social pretend play?

Engaging in make-believe scenarios Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes securely attached children?

They tend to exhibit fewer behavioral difficulties Signup and view all the answers

How do children typically remember information related to their gender schema?

They remember information that aligns with their schema more accurately Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that aggression is an inherent trait in humans?

Instinct theory Signup and view all the answers

What is an attribute of authoritarian parenting?

High in control and expectations but low in nurturance Signup and view all the answers

What role do cognitive factors play in the development of aggression?

They determine how children interpret hostile intentions. Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that frustration can lead to aggression due to negative feelings?

Frustration-aggression hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

How can parenting styles influence a child's aggression?

Cold and rejecting parents tend to raise more aggressive children. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in children learning aggressive behaviors according to social learning theory?

Reinforcement of aggressive behavior and imitation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT typically contribute to higher levels of aggression in children?

High levels of parental nurturance. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of aggression is highlighted by the view of aggressive children regarding outcomes?

They expect aggression to lead to social rewards. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is least likely to influence a child's perception of aggression as a normal behavior?

The child's independent nature. Signup and view all the answers

What is an inherent characteristic of prosocial behavior?

It is a voluntary action meant to benefit others. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cognitive Development & the Media: Children are exposed to various media (TV, tablets, internet). Psychologists debate the benefits and harms of media exposure on child development.
Criticism of Television: Displaced time view (inhibits other activities like reading or play), passivity view (creates inactivity), shallow information processing view (results in shorter attention spans), visual/iconic view (focuses on visuals and not inferences).
Principles for Healthier Media Literacy: Parents, caregivers, and teachers should differentiate between entertainment and reality, encourage critical engagement with media content, and limit screen time.

Early Childhood Education

Importance of Pre-Primary: Pre-primary education widens a child's physical, cognitive, and social environments, fostering acquisition of language literacy, motor skills for writing, numeracy, and a positive learning attitude.
Approaches for Teaching and Learning: Common approaches include Child-Centered, Direct Instruction, and Montessori.

1) Child-Centered Approach

Emphasis: Focuses on nurturance and the learning process, not just the learned material. It considers emotional, social, cognitive, and physical development. Learning is individualized, based on the child's needs, interests, and learning styles.
Principles: Young children learn best through hands-on experiences with people and materials; Play is crucial for development; Teachers are responsible for stimulating, directing, and supporting children's development.
Considerations: Approach is considered developmentally appropriate but instructional quality varies and benefits differ between children.

2) Direct Instruction Approach

Focus: Relies on abstract paper and pencil tasks and workbooks/ worksheets.
Method: Large group instruction, limited use of concrete experiences or hands-on activities. Learning is primarily teacher-led and centered on academic instruction.
Criticisms: Neglects social and emotional development, inappropriate for physically active, curious, and playful children.

3) Montessori Approach

Key Features: Children are given freedom to choose activities and move between them. Teachers act as facilitators, showing children how to perform tasks and providing help when needed. Emphasises independence and cognitive skills but can neglect social development.

Personality Development in Early Childhood

Complexity: Personality and social development become complex during preschool years.
Freud & Erikson: The phallic stage of Freud's theory and initiative versus guilt stage from Erikson's theory are applicable. Oedipus complex for boys, Electra complex for girls. Identity development.

Theories of Personality Development

Freud's perspective: Child development is rooted in biological drives, and early experiences shape personality (phallic stage).
Erikson's perspective: Initiative versus guilt in preschool is a crucial period influencing a child's sense of responsibility and purpose.
Social Learning Theory: Children's behavior is influenced by rewards, punishments, and role models. Self-esteem can be enhanced through positive reinforcement.

Emotions

Changes: The expression of basic emotions (happy, sad, angry) intensifies and becomes varied; Children start experiencing self-conscious emotions (guilt, pride, shame). Self-awareness grows.
Understanding Emotions: Pre-schoolers quickly develop a vocabulary for discussing emotions, learn to predict others' behaviour based on their emotions, and progressively understand the link between thoughts and emotions.
Emotional Control: Children develop strategies to control emotions and avoid emotionally negative situations.

Emotional Expression: Involving the Self

Emotional awareness: Preschoolers begin to understand their emotions, connecting them to selfhood and social interactions.
Self-conscious emotion: linked to self-evaluation, guiding behavior. Crucial for moral and performance-related development.

Emotional expression: Involving others

Empathy: Develops, shaped by parenting styles. Warm, empathetic parenting promotes empathy; cold, punitive parenting hinders it.

Emotional Regulation

Importance: Essential aspect of personality and social development.
Strategies: Children use various strategies to manage emotions—avoiding negative situations, using language to cope cognitively, masking, following cultural display rules.
Parental roles: Vary; emotion-coaching vs. dismissing approaches influence self-regulation.

Self-Concept

Importance: The person's view of him or herself is an important part of personality development.
Components: Includes developing self-esteem, gender identity, and ethnic identity, and awareness of their inner self.
Progression: Early preschoolers mainly define themselves by external attributes (name, age, possessions, etc.) while older pre-schoolers start to incorporate internal attributes to their self-awareness.

Self-Esteem

Definition: The evaluation of your characteristics (self-concept).
Significance: Impacts development across all areas.
Developmental aspects: Children's perceptions of themselves are influenced by experiences with various people.
Early Pre-School: Often have a high sense of self-esteem.

Self-Concept: Gender

Influence: Gender is a significant factor in how children perceive themselves.
Initial Beliefs Traditionally believed that boys and girls are fundamentally different psychologically; now understood that these differences are often based on societal expectations and stereotypes, not ingrained biology.

Gender Role Development

Components: Acquisition of gender identity, development of gender stereotypes, and gender-typed behavioral patterns.
Stages: Understanding of self as a gender (typically 2-4), developing gender stereotypes, adopting gender-typed behaviors.
Influences: Biological factors (hormones); Social learning theory (differential reinforcement and observation) influence gender role acquisition.
Cognitive theory perspectives: Gender understanding develops in stages - children can identify their gender quite early, but understand the permanence of the identity later.

Attachment: Attachment styles impact behavior; securely attached children typically handle challenges better. The goal-corrected nature of the relationship during preschooler years is important.
Parenting Styles: Four widely recognized parenting styles—Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, Uninvolved—differ in parental warmth, communication and control.
Sibling Relationships: Conflicts can be learning experiences; parental dynamics considerably influence these relationships. Sibling conflicts are commonplace, but need not be detrimental.

Importance: Critical for social growth.
Types of Play: Stages from solitary, parallel play; cooperative play.
Play and Development: Play reflects development during preschool. Play activities encompass functional play, constructive play, and socio-dramatic play.

Peer Relationships Aggression

Types: Instrumental aggression (used to obtain something); hostile aggression (intent to hurt).
Developmental Significance: Expected during preschool years; excessive aggression may indicate problems. Aggression varies by child, and a wide range of factors can impact it.

Theories of Aggression

Instinct theory: Innate tendency towards aggression.
Biological theory: Brain areas, hormones, and genetics contribute.
Frustration-aggression hypothesis: Frustration causes aggression.
Cognitive factors: The perceived intent of others plays a role; cognitive biases can lead to aggression.

Media exposure to violence
Community violence
Parenting styles

Definition: Voluntary actions benefitting others.
Development: Starts early (age 2-3); influenced by empathy and emotional regulation.
Parenting: Nurturing parenting promotes prosocial behaviour.

Moral Development

Foundation: Involves emotional development along with self regulation and conscience development.
Lessons & Conflicts: Conflicts can enhance moral reasoning; experiencing negative emotions for violating rules promotes moral growth.

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Description

Explore the cognitive, personality, and social development of preschool children in this lecture. Understand the impact of media on child development and learn principles for healthier media literacy. This quiz also highlights the significance of early childhood education for holistic growth.