Questions and Answers
What is sports nutrition?
A specialization within the field of nutrition that partners closely with the study of the human body and exercise science.
What are macronutrients?
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
What are micronutrients?
Vitamins and minerals
How do macronutrients convert into energy?
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How do we replenish ATP?
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What system do the muscles predominantly rely on for ATP production?
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What is ATP?
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How does a negative feedback loop prevent complete depletion of ATP?
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How do poor food choices and timing affect energy levels?
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What work does ATP fuel?
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What are the three refueling systems?
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What is phosphocreatine?
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What occurs in the anaerobic system (Cori Cycle)?
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Study Notes
Sports Nutrition
- Specialization integrating nutrition with exercise science and human physiology.
Macronutrients
- Comprised of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
- Essential for energy, with caloric values that require substantial daily intake.
Micronutrients
- Vitamins and minerals classified as micronutrients due to smaller daily requirements.
Energy Systems and Macronutrients
- Indirect chemical energy from macronutrients converts to ATP, the energy storage unit for biological work.
- Proteins are converted to amino acids, fats to glycerol, and carbohydrates to glucose through the Krebs cycle and the electric transport chain.
Replenishing ATP
- ATP reformation occurs when phosphate is cleaved to generate ADP.
- Energy released is utilized for work and heat.
- Catabolism of macronutrients supplies energy for ATP replenishment.
Muscle Energy System
- Primarily relies on the aerobic system for continual ATP production.
- The aerobic system utilizes fats, carbohydrates, and proteins, providing substantial ATP but at a slower rate.
- Not suitable for high-intensity, short-duration exercises.
Role of ATP
- ATP serves as the primary energy source for cellular functions, stored in minimal amounts.
- Muscle cells can deplete ATP stores within 3 seconds of activity, but a small reserve remains.
- Complete depletion is prevented to maintain vital cellular processes.
Negative Feedback Loop
- Protects ATP levels; if ATP decreases too much, fatigue sets in, lowering performance.
- Fatigue slows or halts activity, safeguarding ATP reserves.
Impact of Poor Food Choices
- Inadequate nutrient intake hampers overall body function; missing meals leads to depleted energy stores.
- Accessible energy stores are crucial; excessive carb intake before activity may not optimize energy use.
- Food impacts energy storage, affecting ATP production and energy levels for physical activity.
- Poor choices disrupt macronutrient stores, which skews ATP regeneration.
ATP's Role in Work
- Fuels physical and cellular activities, as well as basic body functions.
- The cumulative energy used in these processes is defined as metabolism or metabolic rate.
Refueling Systems
- Phosphagen: Instant ATP replenishment using intracellular phosphocreatine.
- Anaerobic: Quick replenishment via anaerobic glycolysis without oxygen, limited in duration.
- Aerobic: Slower replenishment through TCA/ETC, producing more energy over time but requiring oxygen.
Phosphocreatine
- Composed of creatine and phosphate; donates phosphate to replenish ATP.
- Short-term energy system, effective for bursts of high power lasting 5-15 seconds, such as sprinting or weightlifting.
Anaerobic System (Cori Cycle)
- Converts glucose to pyruvate; in the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate.
- Lactate is then transported back to the liver for gluconeogenesis.
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Description
Test your knowledge on sports nutrition concepts, including macronutrients and micronutrients, energy systems, and ATP replenishment. This quiz covers essential information for integrating nutrition with exercise science and human physiology. Perfect for students of health and fitness.
