Sports Footwear & Injury Prevention

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Questions and Answers

How does footwear influence the development of patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) in athletes?

  • Non-supportive shoes may contribute to PFPS by altering lower extremity biomechanics. (correct)
  • Shoe type has no significant impact on the onset or progression of PFPS.
  • Specific shoe brands are clinically proven to prevent PFPS due to their patented designs.
  • Supportive shoes directly alleviate PFPS symptoms by improving patellar tracking.

An athletic therapist is evaluating an athlete with pes cavus. Which shoe characteristic is most appropriate for this athlete, considering their foot type?

  • A shoe with rigid arch support and enhanced stability features to accommodate supination. (correct)
  • A minimalist shoe with a flat sole to promote natural foot movement and strengthening.
  • A shoe with substantial arch support and limited cushioning to control pronation.
  • A shoe with increased cushioning and flexibility to encourage pronation.

In what way does footwear impact shock absorption during athletic activities, and why is this important?

  • Footwear enhances shock absorption, diminishing the stress on joints and reducing injury risk. (correct)
  • Footwear only affects shock absorption in running; it has minimal impact on other sports.
  • Footwear decreases shock absorption, leading to increased bone density over time.
  • Footwear has no direct influence on shock absorption; it is solely determined by the athlete's biomechanics.

How does footwear affect an athlete's movement mechanics, and what potential consequences can arise from improper footwear selection?

<p>Proper footwear enhances natural movement patterns; improper selection can lead to compensatory movements and potential injuries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it crucial for athletic therapists to comprehensively evaluate an athlete's footwear in relation to orthopedic injuries, rather than focusing solely on the injury site?

<p>Footwear can significantly influence biomechanics and potentially contribute to or exacerbate various orthopedic injuries. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When fitting a shoe, what is the MOST critical factor to consider regarding the length?

<p>Allowing for a thumb's width of space in front of the longest toe when the heel is pressed to the back of the shoe. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which construction method in shoes is MOST suitable for pronators requiring enhanced midfoot support and pronation control?

<p>Combination or board lasted construction, known for providing stability and support. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the PRIMARY function of a dual-density midsole in shoes designed for pronation control?

<p>To offer targeted shock absorption and medial support, aiding in controlling excessive pronation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For a supinated foot, which shoe characteristic is MOST important for providing comfort and shock absorption?

<p>A slip last to promote motion, combined with a soft midsole. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of shoe fitting, what is the significance of the shoe and foot moving as one unit?

<p>It reflects a secure and integrated fit, essential for optimal biomechanics and comfort. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the PRIMARY purpose of a solid heel counter in both pronation and supination control shoes?

<p>To stabilize the rear foot, minimizing unwanted motion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do custom foot orthotics address the biomechanical needs of a pes planus foot (flat foot)?

<p>By offering rigid longitudinal arch support, potentially including a deep heel cup, to correct arch collapse. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST important consideration when fitting shoes for someone who uses orthotics?

<p>Ensuring the shoe provides enough depth and width to comfortably accommodate the orthotic without altering the fit. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An athlete with pes cavus (supinated) foot type would MOST likely benefit from what type of shoe modification to prevent injury?

<p>A shock-absorbing shoe to reduce impact forces. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a heel lift greater than 1 inch primarily affect biomechanics?

<p>It increases the load on the forefoot. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST significant risk associated with using minimalist shoes?

<p>Increased stress on the musculoskeletal system due to reduced cushioning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the wear pattern on the sock liner of a shoe primarily indicate?

<p>Weight-bearing positioning and pressure distribution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When assessing a patient with excessive heel movement inside their shoe, which structural component should be evaluated FIRST?

<p>The heel counter's rigidity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST likely foot problem to develop from wearing shoes with a narrow toe box?

<p>Bunions and hallux valgus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with plantar fasciitis. Which shoe characteristic would be MOST beneficial if the condition is caused by poor intrinsic foot muscle strength?

<p>A minimalist shoe. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the PRIMARY function of the shank in a shoe's construction?

<p>To prevent distortion of the shoe's midsection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST describes the purpose of medial posting in a motion control shoe?

<p>To limit pronation in individuals with pes planus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In shoe manufacturing, what does the term "last" refer to?

<p>A plastic or wooden form that determines the shape and fit of the shoe. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Importance of Footwear

Footwear can predispose athletes to injuries and affect movement mechanics.

Shock Absorption

Footwear can increase shock absorption to protect the joints.

Foot Types

There are three main foot types: Pes cavus (supinator), normal arch (neutral), and Pes planus (pronator).

Footwear and Injury

Improper footwear can contribute to orthopedic injuries by altering biomechanics.

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Support for ADL

Proper footwear provides essential support for activities of daily living (ADL).

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Shoe Measurement

Both feet should be measured to find the right size.

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Toe Space

There should be space for the longest toe at the front of the shoe.

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Width Fit

The shoe should fit the width of the ball of the foot comfortably.

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Heel Fit

The heel should sit firmly at the back of the shoe without slipping.

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Orthotic Function

Functional foot orthotics assist with foot and ankle biomechanics.

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Shoes for Pronation

Shoes designed for pronators have features like a dual density midsole.

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Shoes for Supination

Supinator shoes use a soft midsole for comfort and shock absorption.

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Custom Orthotics

Custom orthotics are made for shoe fit based on specific foot types like Pes Cavus or Pes Planus.

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Supinators (pes cavus)

Foot type needing shock-absorbing shoes to prevent injuries.

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Heel lift effect

A heel lift greater than 1” increases load on forefoot.

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Bunions

Foot condition caused by a narrow toe box, requiring wider shoes.

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Toe box purpose

Protects and accommodates the toes in a shoe.

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Heel counter function

Controls calcaneus and limits pronation during gait.

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Insole

Provides shock absorption and inhibits bacteria growth.

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Shank

The bridge between the heel and ball of the shoe, preventing distortion.

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Motion Control Shoes

Designed for moderate to severe pes planus foot type, offering maximum support.

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Stability Shoes

Designed for mild to moderate pes planus, providing cushioning and stability.

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Slip Last

Shoe construction providing flexibility, stitched at the midsole.

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Study Notes

Footwear Importance

  • Footwear can predispose athletes to injuries, such as those related to non-supportive shoes or patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS)
  • Footwear influences shock absorption
  • Footwear provides support for activities of daily living (ADL)
  • Footwear affects movement mechanics
  • Athletes wear footwear on their feet

Shoe Companies

  • Images show logos for Brooks, New Balance, Mizuno, Nike, and Saucony

Foot Types

  • Pes cavus (Supinator): High arch
  • Normal arch (Neutral): Normal arch
  • Pes planus (Pronator): Flat foot

Footwear & Injuries

  • Insoles are important for supinators. They need shock-absorbing shoes to decrease the risk of injury
  • Heel lifts of more than one inch increase load on the forefoot
  • Minimalist shoes can increase stress

Shoe Features & Analysis

  • Outsoles show weight-bearing positioning, indicating differences between normal, overpronator, and underpronator foot types.
  • Sock liners reveal wear patterns and heel pressures
  • Heel counters show excessive movement in the heel cup, which can indicate problems
  • Shoe components such as toe boxes, uppers, tongues, ankle collars, heel counters, shanks, insoles, midsoles, and outsoles—their function and construction

Foot Problems Caused by Footwear

  • Narrow toe boxes
  • Bunions
  • Hallux valgus
  • Flexible shoes, or shoes with insufficient heel counters or medial support, can lead to:
  • High heels
  • Plantar fasciitis
  • Toe runner issues
  • Achilles tendonitis
  • Claw toe, black toe

Foot Problems Helped by Footwear

  • Wider shoes, with soft seamless construction at the widest part of the foot, help with bunions
  • Stiff rocker soles assist with toe deformities and plantar fasciitis.
  • Wide and deep-fitting footwear helps those with toe deformities.
  • Extra-wide shoes with stretch fabric in the toe box can help for those with toe deformities

Shoe Components

  • Toe Box: houses the toes
  • Upper: material above the sole (should be breathable, made from leather, canvas, or synthetic)
  • Tongue: reduces friction between laces and extensor tendons.
  • Ankle Collar: protects and cushions
  • Heel Counter: controls the calcaneus, limits pronation during gait
  • Achilles Notch: protects the Achilles tendon during plantar flexion
  • Shank: bridge between heel and ball (wood, steel, plastic; prevents midfoot distortion)
  • Insole: provides shock absorption, between sole and foot, should inhibit bacteria growth.
  • Midsole: bulk of cushioning and foot control; includes EVA, PU, and other materials that can support motion control
  • Outsole: contacts ground for traction and shock absorption; specific to activity needs
  • Heel Wedge: enhances shock absorption, and may reduce strain on the Achilles tendon
  • Heel Flare: broader base of support to reduce inversion/eversion

Last (Foot Form)

  • A plastic or wooden foot form that represents the foot during the manufacturing process
  • Specific to size and width; different last designs for different shoe types
  • Board Last (Strobel): full-length rigid board under the insole
  • Slip Last: Two ends of the upper are stitched together, attached to a midsole

Shoe Categories

  • Motion Control: designed for severe pes planus (flat foot) with aggressive medial posting (plastic) and straight lasts
  • Stability: designed for mild to moderate pes planus (flat foot); with a combination last; moderate medial posting (denser materials).
  • Neutral: No real posting, uniform midsole (EVA); curved last; better cushioning and flexibility; good for neutral foot types
  • Shoe lasts indicated on images

Good Shoe Fit

  • Measure both feet
  • Ensure shoe conforms to the shape of the foot
  • Choose shoes appropriate for activity level
  • Heel should leave 1-1/2 inches of space in back of shoe
  • Heel to back of shoe with thumb space in front of toe
  • Fit shoe to longest toe
  • Width of ball of the foot should fit
  • Shoes should not require breaking in
  • The heel should fit correctly.
  • Shoe should be comfortable when walked around in.
  • Assess need for orthotics.
  • Correct shoe and foot interaction- shoe and foot move as one unit
  • The mid-foot sits comfortably in the toe box of the shoe
  • Flexible part of the sole is behind metatarsals
  • Heel box straight up and down relative to midsole
  • Solid heel counter

Shoes for Pronators

  • Combination or board-lasted constructions with dual-density midsoles
  • Straight lasts and solid heel counters reduce rear foot motion

Shoes for Supinators

  • Slip lasts
  • Soft midsoles; better conforming curved lasts or designs
  • Solid heel counters and heel flares assist with support and control of rear foot varus.

Gait Line

  • Indicates the path of the foot during walking (heel strike, forefoot contact, heel lift, peak forefoot loading, toe off)
  • Percentages indicate time the foot is in contact with ground

Orthotics

  • Functional foot orthotics are insoles to help with foot and ankle biomechanics
  • Prefabricated foot care products are mass-produced, sold over-the-counter, and readily available

Custom Foot Orthotics

  • For pes cavus and pes planus
  • Includes shock absorption, rigid supports, deep heel cup, and arch support for specific foot types

Non-Contact Injuries from Cleats

  • What are cleats and who needs them?
  • Cleats versus turf shoes- grass vs turf
  • Design innovation and new fit technologies

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Footwear Lecture 4 PDF

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