80 Questions
What are the two forms of language used for communication?
Spoken and written forms of language.
What are the differences between spoken and written language?
Spoken language uses sounds and paralinguistic features, while written language uses symbols and typographical variety.
What paralinguistic features are available to the speaker but not to the writer?
Facial expressions, postural and gestural systems.
Who is the speaker face-to-face with?
The hearer.
Who does the writer write for?
An absent reader who may be far away in space and time.
What are the main building blocks of the classical communication model?
Addresser (sender), addressee (receiver), message, context, common code and channel.
What is common to all theories of communication?
They state that communication involves action and each communicative act requires an addresser who sends a message to an addressee.
What does each message require?
A context, it needs to be encoded into a certain language code and transmitted from the addresser to the addressee through a channel.
What is the difference between spoken and written language according to the text?
There is no simple, single way of demarcating the difference, and many factors need to be taken into account in describing the range of differences.
What is the purpose of the classical communication model?
To provide a framework for understanding the process of communication.
What is the difference between the style of writing in detached texts and everyday casual conversation?
Detached texts tend to be more formal and explicit, while everyday casual conversation tends to be more involved interpersonally and implicit.
How might a speaker deliberately attempt to sound 'writerly'?
By using a more formal and sophisticated language style.
What is the difference between the explicitness of formal written texts and informal everyday conversation?
Formal written texts tend to be more explicit, while informal everyday conversation tends to be more implicit and context dependent.
Where is conversation typically created and produced?
Online, with little or no preplanning.
What is the advantage of writing over conversation in terms of planning and revision?
Writing affords time for planning and revision, while conversation is typically produced in real time.
How does the organisation of written discourse typically differ from that of conversation?
Written discourse typically reveals greater tightness or integration, while conversation often appears bitty, fragmented, and unorganised.
What carries almost the entire burden of communication in written language?
The linguistic elements.
What is the tone or perception of distancing oneself from casual conversation?
It is often perceived as unfriendly or problematic in some way.
What does written language have to make up for the absence of in speech situations?
The various paralinguistic features available in speech situations.
What is an example of a type of text that might deliberately imitate a friendly, intimate conversational style?
A personal letter or email.
Formal written texts tend to be more ______ than informal everyday conversation
explicit
Conversation is typically created and produced ______ and received in real time
online
Written language has to make up for the absence of ______ available in speech situations
various paralinguistic features
In terms of organisation, written discourses typically reveal greater ______ or integration; conversation often appears bitty, fragmented, and unorganised
tightness
Everyday casual ______, in contrast, tends to be very involved interpersonally
conversation
Another feature is the tendency for formal written texts to be ______
deliberately imitate a friendly, intimate conversational style
Writing is typically produced in one time and place and read in ______ time and place
another
Written language has to make use of the linguistic system in such a way as to make up for the absence of the ______ available in speech situations
various paralinguistic features
Conversation is often perceived as unfriendly or problematic in some way if one ______ oneself from the talk
distances
In making a speech or delivering a lecture, a speaker may purposely attempt to sound ______
writerly
Spoken language makes use of sounds, while written language makes use of ____.
symbols
The speaker has available the full range of ____ effects and facial expressions, denied to the writer.
voice quality
The speaker is face-to-face with the hearer, while the writer writes for an absent reader who may be far away in ____ and time.
space
The writer has ____ variety at his or her disposal.
typographical
Communication involves action and each communicative act requires an addresser who sends a message to an ____.
addressee
Each message requires a context, it needs to be encoded into a certain language ____ and transmitted from the addresser to the addressee through a channel.
code
Addresser, addressee, message, context, common code, and channel thus form the main building blocks of the classical ____ model.
communication
There is no simple, single way of demarcating the difference between spoken and written language, and many factors need to be taken into account in describing the range of ____.
differences
The speaker has available postural and gestural systems, but these ____ features are denied to the writer.
paralinguistic
While both spoken and written forms of language may be used for communication, their form and manner of use differ in many ____.
aspects
Spoken language and written language have the same form and manner of use.
False
The full range of voice quality effects and facial expressions are available to the writer.
False
All theories of communication state that it involves action and requires an addressor and an addressee.
True
Each message requires a context, language code, and channel in the classical communication model.
True
There is a simple, single way of demarcating the difference between spoken and written language.
False
The organization of written discourse is typically less integrated than conversation.
False
Writing is typically produced in one time and place and read in another time and place.
True
Detached texts and everyday casual conversation have the same style of writing.
False
The writer writes for an absent reader who may be far away in space and time in written communication.
True
The tendency for formal written texts to be concise is a feature of written language.
True
Formal written texts tend to be more implicit and context dependent than everyday casual conversation.
False
Conversation is typically produced in one time and place and read in another time and place; writing is produced and read in the same time and place.
False
Written language has access to all of the same paralinguistic features as spoken language.
False
Formal written texts typically reveal greater tightness or integration than conversation.
True
Written language relies solely on linguistic elements to convey meaning.
True
Informal everyday conversation tends to be more explicit than formal written texts.
False
Detached style writing is often perceived as unfriendly or problematic in casual conversation.
True
Written texts may deliberately imitate a friendly, intimate conversational style.
True
Conversation is typically received in real-time, while writing is not.
True
Written discourse often appears fragmented and unorganized compared to conversation.
False
What is the main difference between spoken and written language?
Spoken language is face-to-face, while written language is for an absent reader.
What does the classical communication model consist of?
Addresser, addressee, message, context, common code, and channel.
What is the purpose of communication according to all theories?
To transmit information.
What is the difference between the linguistic system used in written language compared to spoken language?
Written language uses symbols, while spoken language uses sounds.
What is a disadvantage of written language compared to spoken language?
Written language lacks facial expressions and gestures.
What is necessary for each communicative act according to all theories?
An addresser, a message, and an addressee.
What is the advantage of written language over spoken language in terms of planning and revision?
Written language can be planned and revised more easily.
What is the definition of communication according to all theories?
An action that involves a sender, a message, and a receiver.
What is the difference between the context of written language compared to spoken language?
Written language is for an absent reader, while spoken language is face-to-face.
What are the main paralinguistic features available to the speaker but not to the writer?
Facial expressions and gestures.
What is the main difference between detached style writing and everyday casual conversation?
Detached style writing tends to be more implicit and context dependent, while everyday casual conversation tends to be very involved interpersonally
What is the difference between written texts and conversation in terms of production and reception?
Conversation is typically created and produced online and received in real time, while written texts are typically produced in one time and place and read in another time and place
What is the purpose of imitating a friendly, intimate conversational style in written texts?
To make the text more approachable and engaging
What is the difference between the linguistic elements used in written language and spoken language?
Written language has to make up for the absence of various paralinguistic features available in speech situations
What is the difference between the organisation of written discourse and conversation?
Written discourses typically reveal greater tightness or integration, while conversation often appears bitty, fragmented, and unorganised
What is the difference between the production of conversation and written texts?
Conversation is typically created and produced online and received in real time, while written texts are typically produced in one time and place and read in another time and place
What is the difference between the explicitness of formal written texts and informal everyday conversation?
Formal written texts tend to be explicit, while informal everyday conversation tends to be more implicit and context dependent
What is the difference between the production and reception of conversation and written texts?
Conversation is typically created and produced online and received in real time, while written texts are typically produced in one time and place and read in another time and place
What is the difference between the paralinguistic features available in speech situations and written language?
Written language has to make up for the absence of various paralinguistic features available in speech situations
What is the difference between the style of detached texts and everyday casual conversation?
Detached texts are often perceived as unfriendly or problematic in casual conversation, while everyday casual conversation is perceived as more friendly and approachable
Study Notes
Language and Communication
- There are two forms of language used for communication: spoken and written language.
- The main difference between spoken and written language is that spoken language uses sounds, while written language uses visual symbols.
Differences between Spoken and Written Language
- Spoken language makes use of paralinguistic features such as voice quality, facial expressions, postural, and gestural systems, which are denied to the writer.
- The speaker is face-to-face with the hearer, while the writer writes for an absent reader who may be far away in space and time.
- Written language has to make up for the absence of paralinguistic features available in speech situations.
Classical Communication Model
- The classical communication model consists of addresser, addressee, message, context, common code, and channel.
- Each message requires a context, it needs to be encoded into a certain language code and transmitted from the addresser to the addressee through a channel.
- Communication involves action and requires an addresser who sends a message to an addressee.
Features of Written Language
- Written language has to make use of the linguistic system in such a way as to make up for the absence of paralinguistic features available in speech situations.
- Formal written texts tend to be more concise, explicit, and formal than informal everyday conversation.
- Written language relies solely on linguistic elements to convey meaning.
- Written discourse often appears more integrated and organized than conversation.
Features of Conversation
- Conversation is typically created and produced in real-time, while writing is not.
- Conversation is often perceived as unfriendly or problematic if one distances oneself from the talk.
- Informal everyday conversation tends to be more implicit and context-dependent than formal written texts.
- Conversation is often characterized by a more involved and interpersonal tone.
Purpose of Communication
- The purpose of communication is to convey meaning and involve action.
- All theories of communication state that it involves action and requires an addresser and an addressee.
Test your knowledge of the differences between spoken and written language with this quiz. Explore various aspects such as form, use, paralinguistic features and more. Perfect for language learners and anyone interested in linguistics.
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