Spleen Pathology Overview

Greater than 13 cm

Filter old/damaged RBCs

<p>Isoechoic or slightly hyperechoic compared to the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Portal hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pseudocysts, usually from trauma or infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Granulomatous infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Masses, Infections, Hematologic diseases, Congestive diseases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Portal hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bright echogenic lesions w/ shadowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoechoic lesion with hyperechoic foci w/ debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoechoic, wedge-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hematoma or free fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>LUQ pain, left shoulder pain, dizziness, hypotension, decreased hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cavernous hemangioma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heterogeneous echogenic mass with small hypoechoic areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoechoic bulky nodules</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Melanoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>spleenomegaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enlarged spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amyloidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Occlusion of a splenic artery branch</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intact splenic capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacterial endocarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HIV/AIDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymphoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Angiosarcoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>&quot;Bull's-eye&quot; hypoechoic lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>shrinks and slowly dies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Congestive splenomegaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dilated splenic vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cirrhosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bright echogenic foci and shadowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Portal Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Splenic Rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Splenic Infarct</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histoplasmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gaucher’s Disease is</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gaucher's Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>multiple hypoechoic lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rare, aggressive vascular malignancy that affects older males</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hyperechoic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histoplasmosis is an infection linked to bird/bat droppings, producing hyperechoic lesions, with or without shadowing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A spleen infarct is a wedge-shaped hypoechoic lesion, often occurring in people with sickle cell anemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A hematoma is a collection of blood within the spleen, often seen after trauma, and appears as a hypoechoic mass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A ruptured spleen involves a tear in the splenic capsule, and can result in hemorrhage and abdominal pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A cavernous hemangioma is the most common benign tumor of the spleen, appearing as a heterogeneous echogenic mass with small hypoechoic areas on ultrasound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A spleen abscess is an infection, often caused by bacterial endocarditis, appearing as a hypoechoic lesion with hyperechoic foci.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The function of the bladder is to store urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>500 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serosa → Detrusor muscle → Submucosa → Mucosa (transitional epithelium)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allows for expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Triangular area formed by 3 openings, 2 ureters + urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pelvic muscle &amp; medial umbilical ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Congestive splenomegaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Portal Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Splenic Rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Splenic Infarct</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fatty deposits in spleen causing enlargement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Angiosarcoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stores urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevents urine reflux into the ureters</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Less than 10% of pre-void volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anechoic with thin echogenic walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complete or partial duplication of the bladder (rare).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bladder is exposed outside the body due to failure of anterior abdominal wall closure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Failure of the fetal urachus to close, causing urine leakage from the umbilicus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ligament stabilizing the spleen.

Spleen considered enlarged at greater than 13 cm.

Primary function is to filter old/damaged RBCs.

Normal spleen appears isoechoic or slightly hyperechoic compared to liver.

Most common cause is portal hypertension.

Pseudocysts, usually resulting from trauma or infarction, account for 80% of cases.

Granulomatous infection is the most common cause.

Include masses, infections, hematologic diseases, and congestive diseases.

Portal hypertension is the most common cause.

Sonographically appears as bright echogenic lesions with shadowing.

Hypoechoic lesion with hyperechoic foci and debris on ultrasound.

Appears hypoechoic and wedge-shaped on ultrasound.

Hematoma or free fluid are common after trauma.

Include LUQ pain, left shoulder pain, dizziness, hypotension, and decreased hemoglobin.

Cavernous hemangioma is the most common benign tumor of the spleen.

Appears as a heterogeneous echogenic mass with small hypoechoic areas on ultrasound.

Hamartoma, a rare vascular tumor, is associated with this syndrome.

Hypoechoic bulky nodules appear on ultrasound.

Melanoma is the cancer that most commonly metastasizes to the spleen.

Causes spleen enlargement, known as splenomegaly.

Enlarged spleen is a key sonographic finding in early-stage crisis.

Involves deposition of amyloid proteins, affecting the spleen's function.

Most commonly caused by occlusion of a splenic artery branch.

Characterized by an intact splenic capsule.

Bacterial endocarditis is a major risk factor.

Most associated with multiple small, hypoechoic splenic lesions.

Lymphoma is the most common primary malignancy affecting the spleen.

Angiosarcoma is highly aggressive and has a poor prognosis.

Tend to present as 'Bull's-eye' hypoechoic lesions in the spleen.

Occurs when the spleen shrinks and slowly dies.

The bladder's primary function is to store urine.

Normal bladder capacity is 500 mL.

Normal bladder wall thickness when full is 3 mm.

Layers include serosa, detrusor muscle, submucosa, and mucosa.

Allows for expansion of the bladder.

Triangular area formed by 3 openings: 2 ureters and urethra.

Supported by pelvic muscle and medial umbilical ligament.

Prevents urine reflux into the ureters.

Normal is less than 10% of pre-void volume.

A normal bladder appears anechoic with thin echogenic walls.

Rare condition of complete or partial duplication of the bladder.

Bladder exposed outside the body due to wall closure failure.

Failure of the fetal urachus to close causes urine leakage from the umbilicus.

Cystic structure superior to the bladder.

Round, thin-walled cystic structure on posterior bladder wall.

Urethral obstruction in male infants due to a tissue flap.

Sonographic appearance indicating posterior urethral valve syndrome.

Inflammation of the bladder wall, usually due to infection.

Symptoms include polyuria, pain, pelvic tenderness, dysuria.

Findings include thickened bladder wall with echogenic debris.

Bladder infection by gas-producing bacteria.

Bladder infection with blood in urine and echogenic debris.

Bladder infection with pus mixed in urine.

Include bladder outlet obstruction, neoplasm, stones, pregnancy, catheterization.

Bladder pathology associated with spinal cord injury.

Findings include trabeculated and enlarged bladder with urine retention.

External herniation of the bladder wall, leading to urine stasis.

Posterior urethral valves are the most common cause in newborn males.

Absence of right ureteral jet on Doppler.

Fluid collection caused by bladder trauma.