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Questions and Answers
What is the average anteroposterior diameter of the adult abdominal aorta?
What is the average anteroposterior diameter of the adult abdominal aorta?
- 2 cm (correct)
- 3 cm
- 4 cm
- 5 cm
Which organs receive blood supply from the splenic artery?
Which organs receive blood supply from the splenic artery?
- Spleen, heart, and small intestine
- Spleen, pancreas, and stomach (correct)
- Spleen, pancreas, and liver
- Spleen, kidneys, and stomach
What are the branches of the common hepatic artery?
What are the branches of the common hepatic artery?
- Gastroduodenal artery and superior mesenteric artery
- Proper hepatic artery and inferior mesenteric artery
- Gastroduodenal artery and proper hepatic artery (correct)
- Inferior phrenic artery and celiac artery
What branches does the abdominal aorta give rise to?
What branches does the abdominal aorta give rise to?
What are the landmarks of the ascending aorta?
What are the landmarks of the ascending aorta?
Which arteries originate from the aortic arch?
Which arteries originate from the aortic arch?
What is the term for the percentage by volume of red blood cells in the blood?
What is the term for the percentage by volume of red blood cells in the blood?
Which breathing technique would move the spleen inferiorly away from the bony thorax alleviating rib shadows when scanning the spleen?
Which breathing technique would move the spleen inferiorly away from the bony thorax alleviating rib shadows when scanning the spleen?
Which part of the spleen is not covered by the peritoneum?
Which part of the spleen is not covered by the peritoneum?
Which blood test is indicative of an infection?
Which blood test is indicative of an infection?
What is the most common location of accessory spleens?
What is the most common location of accessory spleens?
What is the function of the spleen related to iron?
What is the function of the spleen related to iron?
During fetal life, what does the spleen produce?
During fetal life, what does the spleen produce?
What is an abnormal decrease in the number of circulating platelets termed?
What is an abnormal decrease in the number of circulating platelets termed?
What is the echogenicity of the spleen compared to neighboring liver parenchyma and cortex of left kidney?
What is the echogenicity of the spleen compared to neighboring liver parenchyma and cortex of left kidney?
What does the spleen act as during fetal life?
What does the spleen act as during fetal life?
Which vessel carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder toward the liver?
Which vessel carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder toward the liver?
What is the function of the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK)?
What is the function of the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK)?
Which structure has echogenic walls?
Which structure has echogenic walls?
Where does the portal vein bifurcate into right and left branches?
Where does the portal vein bifurcate into right and left branches?
Which part of the stomach is intraperitoneal?
Which part of the stomach is intraperitoneal?
Where does most digestion occur?
Where does most digestion occur?
Which vessel is posterior to the hepatic veins?
Which vessel is posterior to the hepatic veins?
Where does the abdominal aorta appear as an anechoic tubular structure with echogenic pulsating walls?
Where does the abdominal aorta appear as an anechoic tubular structure with echogenic pulsating walls?
Which part of the small intestine is retroperitoneal?
Which part of the small intestine is retroperitoneal?
What is the function of angiotensin II?
What is the function of angiotensin II?
What causes heartburn and acid taste known as GERD?
What causes heartburn and acid taste known as GERD?
What is the function of the Ileocecal valve?
What is the function of the Ileocecal valve?
What is the name of the localized bulge on the lateral surface of the kidney?
What is the name of the localized bulge on the lateral surface of the kidney?
Which lab values are important to evaluate renal function?
Which lab values are important to evaluate renal function?
What does the infant adrenal gland secrete?
What does the infant adrenal gland secrete?
What are the dimensions of adult kidneys approximately?
What are the dimensions of adult kidneys approximately?
Which vessel delivers most of the blood flow to the liver?
Which vessel delivers most of the blood flow to the liver?
From which vessel does the common hepatic artery originate?
From which vessel does the common hepatic artery originate?
Which region does the liver occupy?
Which region does the liver occupy?
What is responsible for the immune functions of the spleen?
What is responsible for the immune functions of the spleen?
What is found within the falciform ligament on the inner surface of the anterior abdominal wall?
What is found within the falciform ligament on the inner surface of the anterior abdominal wall?
What is described as hypoechoic compared to the liver?
What is described as hypoechoic compared to the liver?
What does hemoglobin produce when broken down?
What does hemoglobin produce when broken down?
Which hormone is released from the small intestine by the presence of fat?
Which hormone is released from the small intestine by the presence of fat?
What may cause difficulty in sonographic visualization of the bowel?
What may cause difficulty in sonographic visualization of the bowel?
Which layers of the bowel have characteristic sonographic appearance?
Which layers of the bowel have characteristic sonographic appearance?
What defines intussusception, a bowel abnormality?
What defines intussusception, a bowel abnormality?
What is a characteristic feature of normal bowel loops?
What is a characteristic feature of normal bowel loops?
What lines the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities?
What lines the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities?
What are the divisions of renal medulla called?
What are the divisions of renal medulla called?
What does the renal collecting system consist of?
What does the renal collecting system consist of?
What causes release of renin from granular cells in the afferent arteriole?
What causes release of renin from granular cells in the afferent arteriole?
What are nitrogenous wastes in the blood?
What are nitrogenous wastes in the blood?
What is the function of granular cells in the afferent arteriole?
What is the function of granular cells in the afferent arteriole?
What are the parts of the aorta?
What are the parts of the aorta?
Which organs receive blood supply from the splenic artery?
Which organs receive blood supply from the splenic artery?
What are the branches of the common hepatic artery?
What are the branches of the common hepatic artery?
What is the average anteroposterior diameter of the adult abdominal aorta?
What is the average anteroposterior diameter of the adult abdominal aorta?
What are the landmarks of the ascending aorta?
What are the landmarks of the ascending aorta?
What organs receive blood supply from the common iliac arteries?
What organs receive blood supply from the common iliac arteries?
What is the function of the spleen related to red blood cells?
What is the function of the spleen related to red blood cells?
Which breathing technique would move the spleen inferiorly away from the bony thorax alleviating rib shadows when scanning the spleen?
Which breathing technique would move the spleen inferiorly away from the bony thorax alleviating rib shadows when scanning the spleen?
What is the term for the percentage by volume of red blood cells in the blood?
What is the term for the percentage by volume of red blood cells in the blood?
Which test in the blood is indicative of an infection?
Which test in the blood is indicative of an infection?
What does an abnormal decrease in the number of circulating platelets termed?
What does an abnormal decrease in the number of circulating platelets termed?
Is the spleen a retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal organ?
Is the spleen a retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal organ?
How is the spleen related to the stomach in terms of location?
How is the spleen related to the stomach in terms of location?
What is the most common location of accessory spleens?
What is the most common location of accessory spleens?
Where does the spleen produce RBCs during fetal life?
Where does the spleen produce RBCs during fetal life?
What marks the borders between liver segments?
What marks the borders between liver segments?
What is the medical term for the condition where the kidneys are fused together at the lower end or base?
What is the medical term for the condition where the kidneys are fused together at the lower end or base?
Which lab values are important to evaluate renal function?
Which lab values are important to evaluate renal function?
What is the term for the plane between the gallbladder and the inferior vena cava that separates the right lobe from the left lobe of the liver?
What is the term for the plane between the gallbladder and the inferior vena cava that separates the right lobe from the left lobe of the liver?
Which vessel delivers most of the blood flow to the liver?
Which vessel delivers most of the blood flow to the liver?
Which region does the liver occupy?
Which region does the liver occupy?
Which artery originates from the celiac trunk?
Which artery originates from the celiac trunk?
Where is the spleen located?
Where is the spleen located?
What are the segments of the left lobe of the liver?
What are the segments of the left lobe of the liver?
Which vessel carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder toward the liver?
Which vessel carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder toward the liver?
What are lab values important to evaluate renal function?
What are lab values important to evaluate renal function?
Which hormone is released from the small intestine by the presence of fat?
Which hormone is released from the small intestine by the presence of fat?
What causes difficulty in sonographic visualization of the bowel?
What causes difficulty in sonographic visualization of the bowel?
What is the most common location of accessory spleens?
What is the most common location of accessory spleens?
What are the dimensions of adult kidneys approximately?
What are the dimensions of adult kidneys approximately?
Which part of the stomach is intraperitoneal?
Which part of the stomach is intraperitoneal?
Which breathing technique would move the spleen inferiorly away from the bony thorax alleviating rib shadows when scanning the spleen?
Which breathing technique would move the spleen inferiorly away from the bony thorax alleviating rib shadows when scanning the spleen?
What defines intussusception, a bowel abnormality?
What defines intussusception, a bowel abnormality?
What is responsible for the immune functions of the spleen?
What is responsible for the immune functions of the spleen?
From which vessel does the common hepatic artery originate?
From which vessel does the common hepatic artery originate?
Which part of the small intestine is retroperitoneal?
Which part of the small intestine is retroperitoneal?
Which vessel appears as an anechoic tubular structure with echogenic pulsating walls in its longitudinal section?
Which vessel appears as an anechoic tubular structure with echogenic pulsating walls in its longitudinal section?
What is the most common indication for evaluating the portal venous system using ultrasound imaging?
What is the most common indication for evaluating the portal venous system using ultrasound imaging?
Which structure carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder toward the liver?
Which structure carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder toward the liver?
Which part of the small intestine is retroperitoneal?
Which part of the small intestine is retroperitoneal?
What hormone is released from the small intestine by the presence of fat?
What hormone is released from the small intestine by the presence of fat?
What marks the borders between the liver segments?
What marks the borders between the liver segments?
Which part of the stomach is intraperitoneal?
Which part of the stomach is intraperitoneal?
Which valve connects the ileum of the small bowel to the cecum of the large bowel?
Which valve connects the ileum of the small bowel to the cecum of the large bowel?
What is responsible for carrying 75% of hepatic flow and 50% of oxygen to the liver?
What is responsible for carrying 75% of hepatic flow and 50% of oxygen to the liver?
What is the function of angiotensin II?
What is the function of angiotensin II?
Where do the biliary canaliculi originate from?
Where do the biliary canaliculi originate from?
What is the function of the valve of Heister?
What is the function of the valve of Heister?
Which artery supplies the gallbladder?
Which artery supplies the gallbladder?
What is the location of Phrygian cap in the gallbladder?
What is the location of Phrygian cap in the gallbladder?
Which structure guards the entrance of the bile duct to the intestinal wall?
Which structure guards the entrance of the bile duct to the intestinal wall?
What structures form the portal triad?
What structures form the portal triad?
Where does the biliary tree drain to?
Where does the biliary tree drain to?
Which structure guards the entrance of the bile duct to the intestinal wall?
Which structure guards the entrance of the bile duct to the intestinal wall?
What is the function of the valve of Heister?
What is the function of the valve of Heister?
Which artery supplies the gallbladder?
Which artery supplies the gallbladder?
Which part of the gallbladder projects below the inferior margin of the liver?
Which part of the gallbladder projects below the inferior margin of the liver?
What are the functions of the gallbladder?
What are the functions of the gallbladder?
Study Notes
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Cholecystokinin is a hormone released from the small intestine by the presence of fat.
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Difficulty in sonographic visualization of the bowel can be caused by bowel gas, fecal material, and obesity.
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Bowel layers have characteristic sonographic appearance, including lumen, mucosa, submucosa, muscularis propria, and serosa. First, third, and fifth layers are echogenic, while second and fourth layers are hypoechoic.
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Intussusception is a bowel abnormality where a proximal bowel segment invaginates into the lumen of a distal bowel segment.
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Normal bowel loops demonstrate peristalsis and are compressible.
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Parietal peritoneum lines the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities, and visceral peritoneum covers the organs.
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Kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal region of the abdomen, with the hilum as the concave border and the cortex as the convex border.
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The order of tissue layers surrounding the kidney includes the renal capsule, perirenal fat, Gerota's fascia, and pararenal fat.
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Kidney parenchyma consists of the cortex and medulla, and the divisions of renal medulla are called renal columns of Bertin.
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The renal collecting system consists of the infundibulum, renal pelvis, and ureter. The renal pelvis is the upper expanded end of the ureter, and the renal hilum is the medial portion of the renal sinus where the renal artery enters and the renal vein and ureter exit.
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The left renal vein is longer and the right renal artery is longer due to the positions of the IVC and aorta in the body.
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From the most anterior to the most posterior, the structures in a female are the pubic bone, bladder, uterus, vagina, and rectum.
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The ureters enter the urinary bladder posteriorly at the trigone area.
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Granular cells in the afferent arteriole detect a decrease in blood volume and release renin, which acts on angiotensinogen to increase systemic pressure. Macula densa cells in the distal convoluted tubule can inhibit renin secretion when blood volume returns to normal.
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Nitrogenous wastes in the blood include urea, creatinine, uric acid, and ammonia.
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Granular cells in the afferent arteriole secrete renin, which increases salt and water reabsorption in the distal collecting tubules.
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The kidney functions include urine production, detoxification of blood, maintaining acid base balance, maintaining normal iron levels, blood pressure regulation, and stimulating red blood cell production.
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Adult kidneys have a highly reflective (hyperechoic) appearance in the renal sinus and true capsule, while the renal medulla is anechoic when filled with urine. Normal kidneys in children are hypoechoic to the liver with a relative increase in brightness in the cortex.
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A localized bulge of the lateral surface of the kidney is called a renal sinus horn or a renal sinus angle.
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The superior abdominal aorta is about 2 cm in diameter at its start and 1 cm at the bifurcation.
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Angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor.
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The abdominal aorta in its longitudinal section appears as an anechoic tubular structure with echogenic pulsating walls.
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Low-resistance waveforms should be present in the internal carotid artery, vertebral arteries, renal arteries, branches of the celiac trunk, and postprandial SMA.
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The aorta is posterior to the body of the pancreas, left lobe of the liver, left renal vein, and medial to the left kidney.
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The inferior phrenic veins are the most superior tributaries that empty into the IVC.
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The normal adult IVC at the junction with the right atrium has a diameter up to 2.5 cm on expiration.
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Venous valves, ventricular contraction with the pressure gradient, and respiratory movements help the blood to move forward in the veins.
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The IVC is to the right side of the aorta and posterior to the hepatic veins.
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The IVC forms at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra.
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The portal vein forms posterior to the pancreas neck.
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The main portal vein courses superiorly for about 5 cm, reaching the porta hepatis where it bifurcates into right and left branches.
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The normal main portal vein is 5 cm long with a diameter up to 1.3 cm in adults.
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The right portal vein gives rise to anterior and posterior branches, and the left portal vein gives rise to medial and lateral branches.
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The portal vein carries blood from the GIT, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder toward the liver for detoxification and metabolism.
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The portal triad is composed of branches of the portal vein, hepatic artery, and hepatic bile duct, located at the porta hepatis and the corners of the hepatic lobules.
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Portal veins have echogenic walls.
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Ultrasound imaging, including gray-scale images, color Doppler, and duplex imaging, is the best tool to evaluate the portal venous system with the most common indication being portal hypertension.
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The best plane to visualize the union of the superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein is in a transverse section.
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Portal vein provides 75% of hepatic flow and 50% of oxygen to the liver.
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Most digestion occurs in the duodenum, and nutrients are absorbed in the small bowel.
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The cardiac sphincter at the junction of the esophagus with the stomach is incompetent causing heartburn and acid taste known as GERD.
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The bulb of the duodenum is posterior to the common bile duct and common hepatic artery.
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The descending duodenum (2nd segment) receives the common bile duct.
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The fundus, body, and pylorus are parts of the stomach, intraperitoneal.
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The duodenum, jejunum, ileum are parts of the small intestine, the first segment of the duodenum is intraperitoneal, the second, third, and fourth segments of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum are retroperitoneal.
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The large intestine is composed of the vermiform appendix; cecum; ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colons; rectum; and anus. The ascending colon, descending colon, rectum, and anal canal are retroperitoneal structures; the cecum and transverse colon are intraperitoneal.
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The ileocecal valve connects the ileum of the small bowel to the cecum of the large bowel.
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The cecum does not have a mesentery and so has a variable attachment to the posterior abdominal wall.
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The appendix arises approximately 2.5 cm inferior to the cecum and posteromedial to the ileocecal valve.
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The bend of the ascending colon is called the hepatic (right colic) flexure, and the bend of the transverse colon that courses down is called the splenic (left colic) flexure.
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The hormone released from the small intestine by the presence of fat is cholecystokinin (CCK).
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