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Questions and Answers
What primarily causes left-sided heart failure?
What primarily causes left-sided heart failure?
Which of the following is NOT a compensatory mechanism associated with heart failure?
Which of the following is NOT a compensatory mechanism associated with heart failure?
What is a primary effect of heart failure on the circulatory system?
What is a primary effect of heart failure on the circulatory system?
What condition can increase the pressure in pulmonary veins as a result of left-sided heart failure?
What condition can increase the pressure in pulmonary veins as a result of left-sided heart failure?
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Which factor directly causes peripheral edema in patients with heart failure?
Which factor directly causes peripheral edema in patients with heart failure?
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What does the activation of the Renin-angiotensin system lead to in the context of heart failure?
What does the activation of the Renin-angiotensin system lead to in the context of heart failure?
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Which characteristic is associated with the muscles of the heart in heart failure?
Which characteristic is associated with the muscles of the heart in heart failure?
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Which of the following conditions is a common result of left-sided heart failure?
Which of the following conditions is a common result of left-sided heart failure?
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Which artery is NOT part of the splanchnic circulation system?
Which artery is NOT part of the splanchnic circulation system?
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What regulates splanchnic perfusion during stressful conditions?
What regulates splanchnic perfusion during stressful conditions?
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Which of the following factors is considered an intrinsic mechanism influencing splanchnic circulation?
Which of the following factors is considered an intrinsic mechanism influencing splanchnic circulation?
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In the context of the lungs, which circulation does NOT contribute to the lung's blood flow?
In the context of the lungs, which circulation does NOT contribute to the lung's blood flow?
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Which part of the circulation is responsible for nourishing the trachea and distal bronchioles?
Which part of the circulation is responsible for nourishing the trachea and distal bronchioles?
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What percentage of cardiac output is received by the splanchnic circulation?
What percentage of cardiac output is received by the splanchnic circulation?
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The major arteries supplying splanchnic organs are arranged in which manner?
The major arteries supplying splanchnic organs are arranged in which manner?
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What is the primary function of the pulmonary capillary bed?
What is the primary function of the pulmonary capillary bed?
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Study Notes
Splanchnic Circulation
- The splanchnic circulation includes gastric, small intestinal, colonic, pancreatic, hepatic, and splenic circulations, arranged in parallel.
- The celiac, superior, and inferior mesenteric arteries supply the splanchnic organs, branching into smaller arteries that extensively anastomose.
- Some splanchnic organs have an intramural circulation.
- Splanchnic circulation is influenced by extrinsic and intrinsic factors.
- Extrinsic factors include general hemodynamic conditions, the autonomic nervous system, and circulating neurohumoral agents.
- Intrinsic factors include the vasculature's properties, local metabolites, intrinsic nerves, paracrine substances, and local hormones.
Splanchnic Circulation - Blood and Lymph
- 25-35% of cardiac output goes to splanchnic circulation.
- Splanchnic perfusion is regulated via autoregulation, neurogenic, and humoral regulation.
- The pulmonary circulation and bronchial circulation contribute to blood flow in the lungs.
- Blood in the pulmonary circulation travels to the pulmonary capillaries for oxygenation, returning to the left atrium via pulmonary veins.
- Pulmonary arteries branch according to bronchi, while pulmonary veins are spaced between bronchi.
- Bronchial circulation includes bronchial arteries nourishing trachea and terminal bronchioles and surrounding structures.
Heart Failure
- Heart failure occurs when the heart pump's ability to meet body's blood flow needs decreases.
- It can involve the right or left ventricle or both.
- Heart failure can be caused by coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, or conditions overworking the heart (e.g., high blood pressure, valve disease, thyroid disease).
- Symptoms include shortness of breath with activity or when lying down, tiredness, swelling in the legs, feet, irregular heartbeat, reduced exercise tolerance, persistent cough, white/pink mucus or blood spots,and/or belly swelling.
Causes of Peripheral Edema in Heart Failure
- Decreased glomerular filtration
- Activation of renin-angiotensin system
- Increased aldosterone secretion
- Weakened heart muscle's inability to pump sufficient blood flow.
Right-Sided Heart Failure
- Right-sided heart failure is caused by right ventricle failure.
- It leads to increased venous pressure, fluid transudation, edema, ascites, hepatomegaly, difficulty with portal flow.
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Description
Explore the complexities of splanchnic circulation, including the roles of various arteries and the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. This quiz delves into the distribution of cardiac output and how it regulates perfusion in splanchnic organs. Perfect for those studying anatomy and physiology.
