Splanchnic and Pulmonary Circulation

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Questions and Answers

What percentage of cardiac output is typically received by the splanchnic circulation?

35%

15%

45%

25% (correct)

Which of the following arteries is NOT a major artery supplying the splanchnic organs?

Coronary artery (correct)

Celiac artery

Inferior mesenteric artery

Superior mesenteric artery

Which mechanism is NOT an intrinsic factor influencing splanchnic circulation?

General hemodynamic conditions (correct)

Local metabolites

Intrinsic nerves

Local hormones

What does the bronchial circulation primarily supply?

Nutrients to the pleura and hilar lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

What autoregulatory mechanism controls splanchnic perfusion?

Pressure-flow autoregulation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about pulmonary circulation is correct?

Blood is oxygenated in the pulmonary capillary bed. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of splanchnic circulation?

It is solely influenced by intrinsic factors. Signup and view all the answers

What role do bronchial veins play in the bronchial circulation?

They anastomose with pulmonary capillaries. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of lymph nodes in the lungs?

Filter lymph and harbor immune cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions can lead to heart failure by overworking the heart?

Valve disease Signup and view all the answers

What primarily characterizes left-sided heart failure?

Increased pulmonary venous pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the compensatory mechanisms that occur in heart failure?

Activation of the renin-angiotensin system Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the lymphatic channels in the lungs is correct?

They are more abundant in the lungs than in any other organ Signup and view all the answers

What effect does myocardial infarction have on heart function?

Immediately depresses the pumping ability of the heart Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT a cause of coronary artery disease?

Excessive exercise Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom commonly associated with left-sided heart failure?

Shortness of breath Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Splanchnic Circulation

The splanchnic circulation is a network of parallel circulations for the stomach, small intestines, colon, pancreas, liver, and spleen.
The major arteries (celiac, superior, and inferior mesenteric) supply the splanchnic organs. These branch into smaller arteries that interconnect extensively.
Some splanchnic organs have an intramural circulation (within the walls of the organ).
Numerous factors influence splanchnic circulation, including extrinsic (general hemodynamic conditions, the autonomic nervous system, and circulating hormones) and intrinsic (properties of the vasculature, local metabolites, intrinsic nerves, paracrine substances, and local hormones) factors.

Blood and Lymph in the Lungs

Both pulmonary and bronchial circulations contribute to blood flow in the lungs.
The pulmonary circulation oxygenates blood in the pulmonary capillaries.
Pulmonary arteries follow the bronchi branching, ending in the respiratory bronchioles.
Pulmonary veins branch between bronchi before returning to the heart.
Bronchial circulation provides nourishment to the lower trachea and bronchioles as well as the surrounding pleura and hilar lymph nodes.
Bronchial arteries are smaller and fewer than the pulmonary vessels.

Heart Failure (HF)

This condition occurs when the heart can't adequately pump blood to meet the body's needs.
Types of HF include right and left-sided failure (with the latter being more common).
Causes of heart failure may include coronary artery disease (blocked blood vessels), cardiomyopathy (damaged heart muscle), and conditions that overwork the heart, such as high blood pressure, valve disease, thyroid disease, or kidney disease.
Compensatory mechanisms (e.g., the renin-angiotensin system) in heart failure attempt to maintain blood pressure and flow, with potential detrimental effects (fluid retention).

Peripheral Edema in Heart Failure

Reduced glomerular filtration, activation of the renin-angiotensin system, higher aldosterone levels, and weakened heart muscle contribute to fluid buildup in the tissues.
Right-sided heart failure causes increased pressure in the venous system, leading to fluid buildup in the tissues of the legs, ankles, and feet.
Left-sided failure causes increased pressure in the pulmonary circulation and fluid leakage into the lungs, often causing coughing up blood-tinged mucus.

Right-Sided Heart Failure

Right ventricular failure leads to increased venous pressure, resulting in fluid buildup in the abdomen (ascites), legs, and ankles (edema) and congestion in the liver (hepatomegaly).
Often a consequence of left-sided heart failure due to increased pressure propagating through the circulatory system.

Signs and Symptoms of Heart Failure

Common symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling in the legs, ankles, and/or feet, rapid/irregular heartbeat, reduced exercise tolerance, wheezing/coughing up a pink/white mucus, and/or belly swelling.

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Description

This quiz explores the intricate networks of splanchnic and pulmonary circulation. It covers the major arteries supplying the splanchnic organs and the dynamic roles of pulmonary circulation in oxygenating blood. Test your knowledge on how various factors influence these circulatory systems.