Spinal Movement and Shear Forces

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What direction does the upper vertebra tilt and glide slightly during flexion?

Side to side

Circularly

Backward

Forward (correct)

What happens to the nucleus pulposus during flexion?

It disappears

It remains in the same position

It is driven anteriorly

It is driven posteriorly (correct)

What happens to the intervertebral foramina during flexion?

They disappear

They become smaller

They remain the same

They increase in size (correct)

What is the result of flexion on the load of the spine?

The load is transferred from the apophyseal joints to the intervertebral discs Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the apophyseal joints in resisting shear force in the lumbar spine?

They resist some of the shear force Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the annulus fibrosus during flexion?

It becomes more compressed and bulged Signup and view all the answers

What limits flexion?

The tension of the ligaments Signup and view all the answers

What is the cumulative effect of the small ranges of movement at each level of the spine?

It is significant Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the posterior longitudinal ligament during extension of the upper vertebra?

It becomes relaxed Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the disc becoming flatter posteriorly and thicker anteriorly during extension?

The nucleus is pushed anteriorly Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the size of the intervertebral foramina during extension?

It decreases Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the apophyseal joints during extension?

They become more weight-bearing Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the articular processes of the upper and lower vertebrae during extension?

They become more tightly interlocked Signup and view all the answers

What is the limiting factor of extension in the vertebral column?

The impact of the bony structures of the arch Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the disc during lateral flexion of the upper vertebra?

It becomes wedge-shaped on the concave side Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the contralateral intertransverse ligament during lateral flexion?

It becomes stretched Signup and view all the answers

What determines the direction of rotation that accompanies lateral flexion?

The orientation of the apophyseal joints’ facets Signup and view all the answers

What is the greatest risk of injury to the spine?

Rotation combined with flexion and compressive forces Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament limits flexion in the cervical region?

Ligamentum nuchae Signup and view all the answers

What limits lateral flexion in the lumbar region?

Intertransverse ligament Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament limits axial rotation in the craniocervical region?

Alar ligament Signup and view all the answers

What are the structures that limit extension in the cervical region?

Cervical viscera and anterior longitudinal ligament Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the posterior annulus fibrosus?

To limit flexion Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the contralateral annulus fibrosus?

To limit lateral flexion Signup and view all the answers