24 Questions
What direction does the upper vertebra tilt and glide slightly during flexion?
Forward
What happens to the nucleus pulposus during flexion?
It is driven posteriorly
What happens to the intervertebral foramina during flexion?
They increase in size
What is the result of flexion on the load of the spine?
The load is transferred from the apophyseal joints to the intervertebral discs
What is the role of the apophyseal joints in resisting shear force in the lumbar spine?
They resist some of the shear force
What happens to the annulus fibrosus during flexion?
It becomes more compressed and bulged
What limits flexion?
The tension of the ligaments
What is the cumulative effect of the small ranges of movement at each level of the spine?
It is significant
What happens to the posterior longitudinal ligament during extension of the upper vertebra?
It becomes relaxed
What is the result of the disc becoming flatter posteriorly and thicker anteriorly during extension?
The nucleus is pushed anteriorly
What happens to the size of the intervertebral foramina during extension?
It decreases
What is the role of the apophyseal joints during extension?
They become more weight-bearing
What happens to the articular processes of the upper and lower vertebrae during extension?
They become more tightly interlocked
What is the limiting factor of extension in the vertebral column?
The impact of the bony structures of the arch
What happens to the disc during lateral flexion of the upper vertebra?
It becomes wedge-shaped on the concave side
What happens to the contralateral intertransverse ligament during lateral flexion?
It becomes stretched
What determines the direction of rotation that accompanies lateral flexion?
The orientation of the apophyseal joints’ facets
What is the greatest risk of injury to the spine?
Rotation combined with flexion and compressive forces
Which ligament limits flexion in the cervical region?
Ligamentum nuchae
What limits lateral flexion in the lumbar region?
Intertransverse ligament
Which ligament limits axial rotation in the craniocervical region?
Alar ligament
What are the structures that limit extension in the cervical region?
Cervical viscera and anterior longitudinal ligament
What is the function of the posterior annulus fibrosus?
To limit flexion
What is the function of the contralateral annulus fibrosus?
To limit lateral flexion
Understand the movements of the spine, including shear forces, and how they affect the vertebrae. Learn about the role of apophyseal joints and disks in resisting shear forces. Test your knowledge of spinal movement and its cumulative effects.
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