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Spinal Cord Lesions Overview
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Spinal Cord Lesions Overview

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Questions and Answers

What characterizes complete spinal cord lesions?

  • Partial preservation of function
  • Only sensory function is affected
  • Total loss of motor and sensory function below the injury level (correct)
  • Only motor function is affected

    • Posterior cord syndrome leads to bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation.

    False

    What is the most common incomplete spinal cord injury?

    Central Cord Syndrome

    In anterior horn lesions, symptoms may include ____ paralysis and decreased muscle tone.

    <p>flaccid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms with their corresponding spinal cord lesions:

    <p>Flaccid paralysis = Anterior Horn Lesions Bilateral upper motor neuron symptoms = Central Cord Syndrome Loss of proprioception = Posterior Cord Syndrome Cape-like sensory loss = Anterior White Commissure Damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of anterior cord syndrome?

    <p>Bilateral upper motor neuron symptoms below the lesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Horner's syndrome can occur due to damage to descending autonomic fibers in Central Cord Syndrome.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of symptoms do anterior white commissure lesions cause?

    <p>Bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anterior cord syndrome often results from damage to the anterior spinal artery or the artery of _____.

    <p>Adamkowitz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptoms are associated with lower motor neuron lesions in anterior horn lesions?

    <p>Hyporeflexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Brown-Sequard Syndrome, which type of sensation is lost on the same side as the lesion?

    <p>Proprioception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Autonomic fibers are often unaffected in cases of Brown-Sequard Syndrome.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of lower motor neuron damage?

    <p>Flaccid paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Syringomyelia is characterized by dilation of the central canal and is often due to __________ malformation type I.

    <p>Arnold-Chiari</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their descriptions:

    <p>Friedrich's Ataxia = Autosomal recessive disorder affecting dorsal columns Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) = Degeneration of both upper and lower motor neurons Multiple Sclerosis (MS) = Autoimmune demyelinating disorder Syringomyelia = Dilation of the central canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is typically associated with poliomyelitis?

    <p>Poliovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to symptoms similar to Friedrich's Ataxia.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of testing is often used to diagnose syphilis?

    <p>RPR and VDRL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Damage to the corticospinal tracts results in __________ upper motor neuron signs.

    <p>ipsilateral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment for syphilis?

    <p>Penicillin G</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential cause of Anterior Cord Syndrome?

    <p>Aortic dissection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Complete spinal cord lesions may result in urinary and fecal incontinence.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the initial symptoms of a complete spinal cord lesion?

    <p>Flaccid paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anterior Cord Syndrome typically affects the anterior ______ of the spinal cord.

    <p>two-thirds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following spinal cord injury symptoms with their descriptions:

    <p>Flaccid paralysis = Complete loss of muscle tone Hypertonia = Increased muscle tone Hyperreflexia = Exaggerated reflexes Neurogenic shock = Autonomic dysregulation with bradycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique is primarily used for diagnosing spinal cord lesions?

    <p>CT scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Motor and sensory deficits in Anterior Cord Syndrome are often due to hyperextension injuries.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurological symptoms may develop if a spinal cord lesion is located above T6?

    <p>Autonomic dysregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Traumatic injuries like ______ or stab wounds are common causes of Anterior Cord Syndrome.

    <p>gunshot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom may evolve in a patient with a complete spinal cord lesion over time?

    <p>Loss of sensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary sign of lower motor neuron damage?

    <p>Flaccid paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Loss of proprioception and fine touch occurs on the same side as the lesion in Brown-Sequard syndrome.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for syphilis?

    <p>Penicillin G</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Damage to the anterior gray horn results in __________ paralysis.

    <p>flaccid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of symptoms are commonly associated with Central Cord Syndrome?

    <p>Bilateral upper motor neuron symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anterior horn lesions can result in hyperreflexia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their associated symptoms:

    <p>Poliomyelitis = Hypotonia and flaccid paralysis Friedrich's Ataxia = Sensory ataxia and upper motor neuron lesions Multiple Sclerosis = Optic neuritis and loss of vision Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis = Combined upper and lower motor neuron signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by dilation of the central canal?

    <p>Syringomyelia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one hallmark symptom of anterior cord syndrome.

    <p>Bilateral upper motor neuron symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurosyphilis can lead to Argyle-Robertson pupil, indicative of tertiary syphilis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Central Cord Syndrome, damage to lateral corticospinal tracts results in ______________ symptoms.

    <p>bilateral upper motor neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms to the corresponding spinal cord issue:

    <p>Flaccid paralysis = Anterior horn lesions Cape-like sensory loss = Anterior white commissure damage Loss of proprioception = Posterior cord syndrome Bilateral upper motor neuron symptoms = Central cord syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often affected in cases of Central Cord Syndrome?

    <p>Upper extremities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin B12 deficiency presents similarly to __________ Ataxia.

    <p>Friedrich's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes symptoms of an anterior white commissure lesion?

    <p>Cape-like distribution of sensory loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Complete spinal cord lesions lead to partial loss of function below the injury level.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a known cause of incomplete spinal cord syndromes?

    <p>Syringomyelia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may result from the dilation of the central canal?

    <p>Syringomyelia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The symptoms of posterior cord syndrome primarily affect the __________ sensory pathways.

    <p>dorsal white column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What syndrome is characterized by ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis?

    <p>Horner's syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can lead to Anterior Cord Syndrome?

    <p>Thrombus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Complete spinal cord lesions always result in flaccid paralysis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of symptoms can develop if a spinal cord lesion is located above T6?

    <p>Autonomic dysregulation leading to bradycardia and hypotension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anterior Cord Syndrome is primarily caused by damage to the anterior spinal __________.

    <p>artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the spinal cord lesion types with their characteristics:

    <p>Complete Spinal Cord Lesion = Loss of all functions below the lesion Anterior Cord Syndrome = Motor and sensory deficits due to artery damage Brown-Sequard Syndrome = Loss of sensation on the same side as the lesion Syringomyelia = Dilation of the central canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What imaging technique is primarily used for evaluating spinal cord lesions?

    <p>MRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Motor and sensory deficits in Anterior Cord Syndrome are often caused by hyperflexion injuries.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the initial symptoms of complete spinal cord lesions.

    <p>Flaccid paralysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Traumatic injuries like gunshot or __________ wounds are common causes of anterior cord syndrome.

    <p>stab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What autonomic issues may arise from a spinal cord lesion above T6?

    <p>Neurogenic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Brown-Sequard Syndrome, which sensation is lost on the opposite side of the lesion?

    <p>Pain and temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lower motor neuron damage results in symptoms like hypotonia and hyporeflexia.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic disorder is primarily associated with the deletion of the SMN gene?

    <p>Spinal Muscular Atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The initial screening tests for syphilis include _____ and VDRL.

    <p>RPR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their corresponding symptoms:

    <p>Multiple Sclerosis = Demyelination and optic neuritis Friedrich's Ataxia = Ataxia and upper motor neuron lesions Neurosyphilis = Argyle-Robertson pupil Brown-Sequard Syndrome = Contralateral loss of pain and temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Horner's syndrome may occur due to damage to which part of the spinal cord?

    <p>Descending autonomic fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Syringomyelia is characterized by compression of the spinal cord due to large tumors only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of virus is primarily responsible for poliomyelitis?

    <p>Poliovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Damage to the corticospinal tracts results in __________ upper motor neuron signs.

    <p>ipsilateral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is commonly used to manage multiple sclerosis during exacerbations?

    <p>Corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of paralysis is associated with anterior horn lesions?

    <p>Flaccid paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Central Cord Syndrome primarily affects the lower limbs more than the upper limbs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three classic symptoms of Horner's syndrome?

    <p>Ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Damage to the anterior spinal artery leads to ______________ symptoms in Anterior Cord Syndrome.

    <p>upper motor neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following syndromes with their corresponding characteristics:

    <p>Central Cord Syndrome = Impacts upper limbs more than lower limbs Posterior Cord Syndrome = Bilateral loss of proprioception and vibration Anterior Horn Lesions = Damage to lower motor neurons Anterior Cord Syndrome = Loss of motor function below the lesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of Anterior White Commissure damage?

    <p>Cape-like sensory loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Incomplete spinal cord lesions result in total loss of motor and sensory function below the level of injury.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of symptomatology observed in Posterior Cord Syndrome?

    <p>Damage to the dorsal white column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The anterior two-thirds of the spinal cord is affected in ______________ syndrome.

    <p>Anterior Cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which injury pattern is commonly associated with Central Cord Syndrome?

    <p>Hyperextension injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of anterior cord syndrome?

    <p>Stab wound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flaccid paralysis is an initial presentation in complete spinal cord lesions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might evolve in a patient with a complete spinal cord lesion over time?

    <p>Upper motor neuron symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anterior cord syndrome typically affects the anterior __________ of the spinal cord.

    <p>two-thirds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the causes with their definitions:

    <p>Thrombus = A blood clot that obstructs blood flow. Embolus = A particle that travels and lodges in a blood vessel. Aortic dissection = A tear in the blood vessel wall that can restrict flow. Surgical complications = Issues that arise from medical procedures affecting blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition may lead to neurogenic shock when the lesion is located above T6?

    <p>Complete spinal cord lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sensory loss may occur below the level of a complete spinal cord lesion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What imaging technique is primarily used for diagnosing spinal cord lesions?

    <p>CT scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Motor and sensory deficits in anterior cord syndrome are often due to __________ injuries.

    <p>hyperflexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is often associated with loss of function due to complete spinal cord lesions?

    <p>Urinary incontinence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cause of Anterior Cord Syndrome?

    <p>Embolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Complete spinal cord lesions result in the loss of all motor, sensory, and autonomic functions below the level of the lesion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common initial presentation of a complete spinal cord lesion?

    <p>Flaccid paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Traumatic injuries like gunshot or ____ wounds are common causes of Anterior Cord Syndrome.

    <p>stab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms with their associated spinal cord lesion:

    <p>Hypertonia = Complete Spinal Cord Lesion Bradycardia = Lesion above T6 Motor deficits = Anterior Cord Syndrome Loss of pain sensation = Brown-Sequard Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What imaging technique is primarily used for the diagnosis of spinal cord lesions?

    <p>CT scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Autonomic dysregulation is more likely if the spinal cord lesion is located below T6.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may develop if a spinal cord lesion is located above T6?

    <p>Neurogenic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anterior Cord Syndrome involves damage to the anterior ______ of the spinal cord.

    <p>two-thirds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom may evolve over time in a patient with a complete spinal cord lesion?

    <p>Hyperreflexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of paralysis is associated with anterior horn lesions?

    <p>Flaccid paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Complete spinal cord lesions result in some preserved function below the injury level.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a common symptom of posterior cord syndrome.

    <p>Loss of proprioception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Central Cord Syndrome primarily affects the _______ limbs.

    <p>upper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following spinal cord syndrome with its primary symptom:

    <p>Anterior Horn Lesion = Flaccid paralysis Central Cord Syndrome = Upper limb weakness Posterior Cord Syndrome = Loss of proprioception Anterior Cord Syndrome = Bilateral upper motor neuron symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the 'cape-like' distribution of sensory loss?

    <p>Anterior White Commissure Damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypertonia is a symptom of lower motor neuron lesions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What syndrome is commonly associated with Horner's syndrome symptoms?

    <p>Central Cord Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Damage to the anterior spinal artery can cause _______ cord syndrome.

    <p>anterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions:

    <p>Flaccid paralysis = Damage to LMNs Hypertonia = Upper motor neuron symptoms Hyporeflexia = Decreased reflexes Sensory ataxia = Coordination issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neuron damage results in spastic paralysis, hyperreflexia, and positive Babinski sign?

    <p>Upper motor neuron damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Brown-Sequard Syndrome results in contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main treatment for syphilis?

    <p>Penicillin G</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Damage to the anterior gray horn results in ________ paralysis.

    <p>flaccid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their primary symptoms:

    <p>Poliomyelitis = Flaccid paralysis and hypotonia Multiple Sclerosis (MS) = Demyelination and optic neuritis Brown-Sequard Syndrome = Ipsilateral loss of proprioception Friedrich's Ataxia = Sensory ataxia and upper motor neuron lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding autonomic fibers in unilateral spinal cord lesions?

    <p>They are often affected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurosyphilis can result in symptoms related to the dorsal columns of the spinal cord.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of high cervical spine injuries?

    <p>Horner's syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin B12 deficiency leads to sub-acute combined degeneration of the spinal cord affecting the dorsal column and ________ tracts.

    <p>corticospinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic test is commonly used to confirm syphilis after a positive screening test?

    <p>Treponema pallidum agglutination test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Spinal Cord Lesions Overview

    • Spinal cord lesions can be classified as complete or incomplete.
    • Complete lesions result in total loss of motor and sensory function below the injury level.
    • Incomplete lesions lead to some preserved function; sensory or motor abilities may be partially affected and asymmetrical.

    Anterior Horn Lesions

    • Anterior gray horn lesions damage lower motor neurons (LMNs).
    • Symptoms include flaccid paralysis, hypotonia (decreased muscle tone), hyporeflexia (decreased reflexes), and possible fasciculations (muscle twitching).
    • Lesion effects can be bilateral (symmetric symptoms) or unilateral (asymmetric symptoms).

    Central Cord Syndrome

    • Most common incomplete spinal cord injury.
    • Affects lateral corticospinal tracts causing bilateral upper motor neuron symptoms below the lesion: paralysis, hypertonia, increased deep tendon reflexes (hyperreflexia), and positive Babinski sign.
    • Typically impacts upper limbs more than lower limbs, especially when lesions affect the cervical region.
    • Damage to descending autonomic fibers can lead to Horner's syndrome, characterized by ptosis (drooping eyelid), miosis (pupil constriction), and anhidrosis (lack of sweating).

    Anterior White Commissure Damage

    • Injury here disrupts pain and temperature sensations bilaterally due to loss of crossing fibers.
    • Symptoms often present with a 'cape-like' distribution of sensory loss, common in conditions like syringomyelia.

    Posterior Cord Syndrome

    • Rarer lesion affecting the dorsal white column.
    • Causes bilateral loss of proprioception, vibration, and fine discriminative touch.
    • Can lead to sensory ataxia, resulting in coordination issues and a wide-based gait.

    Anterior Cord Syndrome

    • Often results from damage to the anterior spinal artery or the artery of Adamkowitz, below T10.
    • Affects anterior two-thirds of the spinal cord, leading to:
      • Bilateral upper motor neuron symptoms below the lesion site (paralysis, hypertonia, hyperreflexia).
      • Bilateral lower motor neuron symptoms at the lesion level (flaccid paralysis, hypotonia).
      • Loss of pain and temperature sensations (spinothalamic tract affected), while proprioception and vibratory sense (dorsal columns) remain intact.

    Brown-Sequard Syndrome

    • Known as transverse hemisection; involves a unilateral lesion.
    • Results in a combination of:
      • Loss of proprioception and fine touch on the same side as the lesion (dorsal columns).
      • Loss of pain and temperature sensation on the opposite side (spinothalamic tract).
      • Symptoms reflect a mix of upper and lower motor neuron signs based on the level of the lesion.### Spinal Cord Anatomy and Functions
    • Sensory fibers enter the spinal cord at the posterior gray horn, ascend ipsilaterally in the dorsal column carrying fine touch, proprioception, and vibration sense.
    • Damage to the right side of the spinal cord results in right-side loss of sensations (ipsilateral).
    • Below the level of the lesion, sensations are generally lost due to the ascending pathways converging at that point.

    Brown-Sequard Syndrome Effects

    • In cases of unilateral hemisection of the spinal cord (Brown-Sequard Syndrome), autonomic fibers may also be affected.
    • Injury higher in the cervical spine may result in Horner's syndrome, while lower injuries can lead to fecal and urinary incontinence.
    • Damage to corticospinal tracts results in ipsilateral upper motor neuron signs, including paralysis, hypertonia, hyperreflexia, and positive Babinski sign, observed below the lesion.

    Pain and Temperature Pathway

    • Pain and temperature fibers synapse at the affected level, cross at the anterior white commissure, and ascend in the spinothalamic tract.
    • Contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation occurs due to this pathway, particularly one to two segments below the level of the lesion.

    Lower Motor Neuron Damage

    • Damage to anterior gray horn results in lower motor neuron signs, including hypotonia, hyporeflexia, fasciculations, and flaccid paralysis on the same side.

    Causes of Incomplete Spinal Cord Syndromes

    • Poliomyelitis: Virus affecting the anterior horn, typically spread via fecal-oral transmission.
    • West Nile Virus: Can present with fever, rash, meningitis, or encephalitis, often in unvaccinated populations.
    • Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA): Genetic disorder due to SMN gene deletion, primarily affecting infants with symptoms of hypotonia and flaccid paralysis.

    Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

    • ALS presents as a combination of upper and lower motor neuron signs due to degeneration of both neuron types.
    • Diagnosis is often clinical, and treatment is primarily symptomatic with the drug Riluzole.

    Central Cord Syndrome

    • Often due to hyperextension injuries (e.g., motor vehicle accidents) or trauma in older patients with cervical spondylosis.
    • The ligamentum flavum may buckle, causing compression of the spinal cord and damage.

    Syringomyelia

    • Characterized by dilation of the central canal, often due to Arnold-Chiari malformation type I.
    • Diagnosis typically requires spinal MRI; treatment may involve decompression surgery.

    Posterior Cord Syndrome

    • Rare and often caused by conditions like syphilis leading to damage of the dorsal column.
    • Neurologic impact includes sensory ataxia and loss of proprioception and vibration sense.
    • Neurosyphilis can lead to tabes dorsalis, causing bilateral loss of sensory modalities.

    Neurosyphilis Symptoms

    • Argyle-Robertson pupil presents with light-near dissociation, indicative of tertiary syphilis.
    • Primary syphilis features a painless genital lesion (chancre), secondary stage often includes rash and lymphadenopathy.

    Diagnosis and Treatment Approaches

    • Diagnosis for anterior horn lesions often involves reviewing patient history and conducting PCR analysis when appropriate.
    • Hydrocephalus management may require VP shunt placement alongside decompression treatments to address underlying causes.### Syphilis Diagnosis and Treatment
    • Initial screening tests include RPR (Rapid Plasma Reagin) and VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory), which are sensitive but not specific.
    • Positive results from these tests necessitate further confirmation, often via a treponemal test like the Treponema pallidum agglutination assay.
    • Syphilis is a treatable disease, primarily with Penicillin G administered intramuscularly.
    • Treatable condition can lead to reversible spinal cord lesions.

    Friedrich's Ataxia

    • An autosomal recessive genetic disorder affecting the dorsal column and two other tracts: corticospinal and spinocerebellar.
    • Symptoms include ataxia (lack of voluntary coordination), upper motor neuron lesions, and sensory ataxia.
    • Often associated with diabetes mellitus and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, forming a triad of conditions.
    • Diagnosis is confirmed through genetic testing, with treatment focusing on the underlying disorders.

    Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

    • An autoimmune demyelinating disease, affecting dorsal columns and the medial longitudinal fasciculus, leading to internuclear opthalmoplegia.
    • Can cause corticospinal tract damage, resulting in upper motor neuron symptoms like paralysis and hyperreflexia.
    • Often presents with optic neuritis, leading to loss of vision and color blindness.
    • Diagnosis relies on clinical presentation and MRI results, utilizing McDonald's criteria.
    • Treatment includes steroids during exacerbations and disease-modifying therapies for chronic management.

    Vitamin B12 Deficiency

    • Similar presentation to Friedrich's ataxia with sub-acute combined degeneration of the spinal cord (dorsal column and corticospinal tracts affected).
    • Symptoms include upper motor neuron lesions and cerebellar ataxia.
    • Diagnosis includes measuring serum B12 levels and looking for macrocytic anemia (high MCV).
    • Treatment involves B12 supplementation.

    Posterior Cord Syndrome

    • Condition caused by severe penetrating trauma or large tumors leading to spinal cord damage.
    • Traumatic injuries like gunshot or stab wounds are common causes.

    Anterior Cord Syndrome

    • Related to compromised blood flow from damage to the anterior spinal artery, affecting the anterior two-thirds of the spinal cord.
    • Potential causes include thrombus, embolus, aortic dissection, and surgical complications.
    • Typically presents with motor and sensory deficits, often due to hyperflexion injuries.

    Complete Spinal Cord Lesions

    • Damage results in loss of all motor, sensory, and autonomic functions below the level of the lesion.
    • Initial presentation includes flaccid paralysis and may progress to upper motor neuron symptoms (hypertonia and hyperreflexia) over time.
    • Sensory loss below the lesion level, and potential urinary and fecal incontinence.
    • If the lesion is above T6, autonomic dysregulation may lead to bradycardia and hypotension, resulting in neurogenic shock.
    • Diagnosis primarily through CT scans followed by MRI for definitive evaluation; treatment varies by underlying cause.

    Spinal Cord Lesions Overview

    • Two primary classifications: complete lesions (total loss of function below injury) and incomplete lesions (some function preserved).

    Anterior Horn Lesions

    • Damage occurs to lower motor neurons (LMNs) leading to:
      • Flaccid paralysis
      • Hypotonia (reduced muscle tone)
      • Hyporeflexia (diminished reflexes)
      • Possible muscle twitching (fasciculations)
    • Symptoms may manifest bilaterally (symmetric) or unilaterally (asymmetric).

    Central Cord Syndrome

    • Most prevalent form of incomplete spinal cord injury.
    • Affects lateral corticospinal tracts, leading to:
      • Bilateral upper motor neuron symptoms below the lesion (e.g., paralysis, hypertonia, hyperreflexia).
      • Positive Babinski sign, indicating nerve damage.
    • Predominantly impacts upper limbs more than lower limbs.
    • Can cause Horner's syndrome due to descending autonomic fiber damage.

    Anterior White Commissure Damage

    • Disruption here results in bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensations.
    • Symptoms often present in a 'cape-like' distribution, frequent in syringomyelia cases.

    Posterior Cord Syndrome

    • A rare condition impacting the dorsal white column.
    • Causes loss of proprioception, vibration sense, and fine discriminative touch bilaterally.
    • Leads to sensory ataxia and coordination issues, affecting walking stability.

    Anterior Cord Syndrome

    • Often linked to anterior spinal artery damage, especially below T10.
    • Results in:
      • Bilateral upper motor neuron symptoms below the injury (e.g., paralysis).
      • Bilateral lower motor neuron symptoms at the lesion (flaccid paralysis).
      • Loss of pain and temperature sensations while preserving proprioception.

    Brown-Sequard Syndrome

    • Involves a unilateral lesion with characteristic effects:
      • Same-side loss of proprioception and fine touch (dorsal columns).
      • Opposite-side loss of pain and temperature (spinothalamic tract).
    • Symptoms vary depending on lesion level and reveal a mixed upper/lower motor neuron sign.

    Spinal Cord Anatomy and Functions

    • Sensory fibers enter the spinal cord at the posterior gray horn and ascend ipsilaterally.
    • Damage on one side of the spinal cord results in loss of sensations on the same side below the lesion.

    Brown-Sequard Syndrome Effects

    • In unilateral cases, autonomic fibers may be compromised.
    • Higher cervical injury can cause Horner's syndrome, whereas lower injuries may lead to incontinence.
    • Ipsilateral upper motor neuron signs persist below the lesion.

    Pain and Temperature Pathway

    • Pain and temperature fibers synapse at the segment level, cross over at the anterior white commissure, and ascend via the spinothalamic tract.
    • Results in contralateral loss of these sensations, typically one to two segments below the lesion site.

    Lower Motor Neuron Damage

    • Causes similar signs including hypotonia, hyporeflexia, fasciculations, and flaccid paralysis on the same side as the damage.

    Causes of Incomplete Spinal Cord Syndromes

    • Poliomyelitis: Virus causing anterior horn damage, primarily spread through fecal-oral transmission.
    • West Nile Virus: Presents with fever, rash, meningitis, or encephalitis, particularly in unvaccinated persons.
    • Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA): Genetic disorder linked to SMN gene deletion, seen mainly in infants.

    Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

    • Degenerative disease causing mixed upper and lower motor neuron signs.
    • Diagnosis via clinical evaluation; symptomatic treatment includes Riluzole.

    Central Cord Syndrome

    • Frequently following hyperextension injuries, particularly in older populations.
    • Related compressive damage caused by buckling ligamentum flavum.

    Syringomyelia

    • Characterized by dilation of the central canal, often associated with Arnold-Chiari malformation type I.
    • Diagnosis typically conducted through spinal MRI; treatment may involve decompression surgery.

    Posterior Cord Syndrome

    • Rarely results from penetraing trauma or large tumors affecting sensory pathways.
    • Leads to loss of proprioception and vibration sense, presenting as sensory ataxia.

    Neurosyphilis Symptoms

    • Argyle-Robertson pupil presents light-near dissociation indicating tertiary syphilis.
    • Primary syphilis manifests as a painless genital lesion, while secondary features include rash and lymphadenopathy.

    Diagnosis and Treatment Approaches

    • Anterior horn lesions diagnostics often rely on patient history and PCR analysis.
    • Hydrocephalus management might include VP shunt placement and decompression treatments.

    Syphilis Diagnosis and Treatment

    • Initial screening with RPR and VDRL tests followed by treponemal tests for confirmation.
    • Treatable with Penicillin G, potentially reversing spinal cord lesions.

    Friedrich's Ataxia

    • Autosomal recessive disorder affecting dorsal column, corticospinal, and spinocerebellar tracts.
    • Symptoms of ataxia, upper motor neuron lesions, and sensory issues.
    • Commonly associated with diabetes and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, with diagnosis via genetic testing.

    Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

    • Autoimmune disorder leading to demyelination affecting various spinal cord tracts.
    • Symptoms include optic neuritis leading to vision loss; diagnosis is clinical with MRI evaluation.

    Vitamin B12 Deficiency

    • Similar presentation as Friedrich's ataxia; affects dorsal columns and corticospinal tract.
    • Symptoms include upper motor neuron lesions and ataxia.
    • Diagnosis involves B12 serum levels and assessment for macrocytic anemia; treatment with B12 supplementation.

    Complete Spinal Cord Lesions

    • Results in total loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions below the lesion.
    • Initial flaccid paralysis can develop into upper motor neuron symptoms.
    • Sensory loss below lesion and possible incontinence; lesions above T6 may cause autonomic dysregulation and neurogenic shock.

    Treatment and Diagnosis Protocols

    • Diagnosis often includes CT scans initially, followed by MRI for detailed evaluation.
    • Treatment strategies are based on the underlying cause of injury.

    Spinal Cord Lesions Overview

    • Two primary classifications: complete lesions (total loss of function below injury) and incomplete lesions (some function preserved).

    Anterior Horn Lesions

    • Damage occurs to lower motor neurons (LMNs) leading to:
      • Flaccid paralysis
      • Hypotonia (reduced muscle tone)
      • Hyporeflexia (diminished reflexes)
      • Possible muscle twitching (fasciculations)
    • Symptoms may manifest bilaterally (symmetric) or unilaterally (asymmetric).

    Central Cord Syndrome

    • Most prevalent form of incomplete spinal cord injury.
    • Affects lateral corticospinal tracts, leading to:
      • Bilateral upper motor neuron symptoms below the lesion (e.g., paralysis, hypertonia, hyperreflexia).
      • Positive Babinski sign, indicating nerve damage.
    • Predominantly impacts upper limbs more than lower limbs.
    • Can cause Horner's syndrome due to descending autonomic fiber damage.

    Anterior White Commissure Damage

    • Disruption here results in bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensations.
    • Symptoms often present in a 'cape-like' distribution, frequent in syringomyelia cases.

    Posterior Cord Syndrome

    • A rare condition impacting the dorsal white column.
    • Causes loss of proprioception, vibration sense, and fine discriminative touch bilaterally.
    • Leads to sensory ataxia and coordination issues, affecting walking stability.

    Anterior Cord Syndrome

    • Often linked to anterior spinal artery damage, especially below T10.
    • Results in:
      • Bilateral upper motor neuron symptoms below the injury (e.g., paralysis).
      • Bilateral lower motor neuron symptoms at the lesion (flaccid paralysis).
      • Loss of pain and temperature sensations while preserving proprioception.

    Brown-Sequard Syndrome

    • Involves a unilateral lesion with characteristic effects:
      • Same-side loss of proprioception and fine touch (dorsal columns).
      • Opposite-side loss of pain and temperature (spinothalamic tract).
    • Symptoms vary depending on lesion level and reveal a mixed upper/lower motor neuron sign.

    Spinal Cord Anatomy and Functions

    • Sensory fibers enter the spinal cord at the posterior gray horn and ascend ipsilaterally.
    • Damage on one side of the spinal cord results in loss of sensations on the same side below the lesion.

    Brown-Sequard Syndrome Effects

    • In unilateral cases, autonomic fibers may be compromised.
    • Higher cervical injury can cause Horner's syndrome, whereas lower injuries may lead to incontinence.
    • Ipsilateral upper motor neuron signs persist below the lesion.

    Pain and Temperature Pathway

    • Pain and temperature fibers synapse at the segment level, cross over at the anterior white commissure, and ascend via the spinothalamic tract.
    • Results in contralateral loss of these sensations, typically one to two segments below the lesion site.

    Lower Motor Neuron Damage

    • Causes similar signs including hypotonia, hyporeflexia, fasciculations, and flaccid paralysis on the same side as the damage.

    Causes of Incomplete Spinal Cord Syndromes

    • Poliomyelitis: Virus causing anterior horn damage, primarily spread through fecal-oral transmission.
    • West Nile Virus: Presents with fever, rash, meningitis, or encephalitis, particularly in unvaccinated persons.
    • Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA): Genetic disorder linked to SMN gene deletion, seen mainly in infants.

    Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

    • Degenerative disease causing mixed upper and lower motor neuron signs.
    • Diagnosis via clinical evaluation; symptomatic treatment includes Riluzole.

    Central Cord Syndrome

    • Frequently following hyperextension injuries, particularly in older populations.
    • Related compressive damage caused by buckling ligamentum flavum.

    Syringomyelia

    • Characterized by dilation of the central canal, often associated with Arnold-Chiari malformation type I.
    • Diagnosis typically conducted through spinal MRI; treatment may involve decompression surgery.

    Posterior Cord Syndrome

    • Rarely results from penetraing trauma or large tumors affecting sensory pathways.
    • Leads to loss of proprioception and vibration sense, presenting as sensory ataxia.

    Neurosyphilis Symptoms

    • Argyle-Robertson pupil presents light-near dissociation indicating tertiary syphilis.
    • Primary syphilis manifests as a painless genital lesion, while secondary features include rash and lymphadenopathy.

    Diagnosis and Treatment Approaches

    • Anterior horn lesions diagnostics often rely on patient history and PCR analysis.
    • Hydrocephalus management might include VP shunt placement and decompression treatments.

    Syphilis Diagnosis and Treatment

    • Initial screening with RPR and VDRL tests followed by treponemal tests for confirmation.
    • Treatable with Penicillin G, potentially reversing spinal cord lesions.

    Friedrich's Ataxia

    • Autosomal recessive disorder affecting dorsal column, corticospinal, and spinocerebellar tracts.
    • Symptoms of ataxia, upper motor neuron lesions, and sensory issues.
    • Commonly associated with diabetes and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, with diagnosis via genetic testing.

    Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

    • Autoimmune disorder leading to demyelination affecting various spinal cord tracts.
    • Symptoms include optic neuritis leading to vision loss; diagnosis is clinical with MRI evaluation.

    Vitamin B12 Deficiency

    • Similar presentation as Friedrich's ataxia; affects dorsal columns and corticospinal tract.
    • Symptoms include upper motor neuron lesions and ataxia.
    • Diagnosis involves B12 serum levels and assessment for macrocytic anemia; treatment with B12 supplementation.

    Complete Spinal Cord Lesions

    • Results in total loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions below the lesion.
    • Initial flaccid paralysis can develop into upper motor neuron symptoms.
    • Sensory loss below lesion and possible incontinence; lesions above T6 may cause autonomic dysregulation and neurogenic shock.

    Treatment and Diagnosis Protocols

    • Diagnosis often includes CT scans initially, followed by MRI for detailed evaluation.
    • Treatment strategies are based on the underlying cause of injury.

    Spinal Cord Lesions Overview

    • Two primary classifications: complete lesions (total loss of function below injury) and incomplete lesions (some function preserved).

    Anterior Horn Lesions

    • Damage occurs to lower motor neurons (LMNs) leading to:
      • Flaccid paralysis
      • Hypotonia (reduced muscle tone)
      • Hyporeflexia (diminished reflexes)
      • Possible muscle twitching (fasciculations)
    • Symptoms may manifest bilaterally (symmetric) or unilaterally (asymmetric).

    Central Cord Syndrome

    • Most prevalent form of incomplete spinal cord injury.
    • Affects lateral corticospinal tracts, leading to:
      • Bilateral upper motor neuron symptoms below the lesion (e.g., paralysis, hypertonia, hyperreflexia).
      • Positive Babinski sign, indicating nerve damage.
    • Predominantly impacts upper limbs more than lower limbs.
    • Can cause Horner's syndrome due to descending autonomic fiber damage.

    Anterior White Commissure Damage

    • Disruption here results in bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensations.
    • Symptoms often present in a 'cape-like' distribution, frequent in syringomyelia cases.

    Posterior Cord Syndrome

    • A rare condition impacting the dorsal white column.
    • Causes loss of proprioception, vibration sense, and fine discriminative touch bilaterally.
    • Leads to sensory ataxia and coordination issues, affecting walking stability.

    Anterior Cord Syndrome

    • Often linked to anterior spinal artery damage, especially below T10.
    • Results in:
      • Bilateral upper motor neuron symptoms below the injury (e.g., paralysis).
      • Bilateral lower motor neuron symptoms at the lesion (flaccid paralysis).
      • Loss of pain and temperature sensations while preserving proprioception.

    Brown-Sequard Syndrome

    • Involves a unilateral lesion with characteristic effects:
      • Same-side loss of proprioception and fine touch (dorsal columns).
      • Opposite-side loss of pain and temperature (spinothalamic tract).
    • Symptoms vary depending on lesion level and reveal a mixed upper/lower motor neuron sign.

    Spinal Cord Anatomy and Functions

    • Sensory fibers enter the spinal cord at the posterior gray horn and ascend ipsilaterally.
    • Damage on one side of the spinal cord results in loss of sensations on the same side below the lesion.

    Brown-Sequard Syndrome Effects

    • In unilateral cases, autonomic fibers may be compromised.
    • Higher cervical injury can cause Horner's syndrome, whereas lower injuries may lead to incontinence.
    • Ipsilateral upper motor neuron signs persist below the lesion.

    Pain and Temperature Pathway

    • Pain and temperature fibers synapse at the segment level, cross over at the anterior white commissure, and ascend via the spinothalamic tract.
    • Results in contralateral loss of these sensations, typically one to two segments below the lesion site.

    Lower Motor Neuron Damage

    • Causes similar signs including hypotonia, hyporeflexia, fasciculations, and flaccid paralysis on the same side as the damage.

    Causes of Incomplete Spinal Cord Syndromes

    • Poliomyelitis: Virus causing anterior horn damage, primarily spread through fecal-oral transmission.
    • West Nile Virus: Presents with fever, rash, meningitis, or encephalitis, particularly in unvaccinated persons.
    • Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA): Genetic disorder linked to SMN gene deletion, seen mainly in infants.

    Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

    • Degenerative disease causing mixed upper and lower motor neuron signs.
    • Diagnosis via clinical evaluation; symptomatic treatment includes Riluzole.

    Central Cord Syndrome

    • Frequently following hyperextension injuries, particularly in older populations.
    • Related compressive damage caused by buckling ligamentum flavum.

    Syringomyelia

    • Characterized by dilation of the central canal, often associated with Arnold-Chiari malformation type I.
    • Diagnosis typically conducted through spinal MRI; treatment may involve decompression surgery.

    Posterior Cord Syndrome

    • Rarely results from penetraing trauma or large tumors affecting sensory pathways.
    • Leads to loss of proprioception and vibration sense, presenting as sensory ataxia.

    Neurosyphilis Symptoms

    • Argyle-Robertson pupil presents light-near dissociation indicating tertiary syphilis.
    • Primary syphilis manifests as a painless genital lesion, while secondary features include rash and lymphadenopathy.

    Diagnosis and Treatment Approaches

    • Anterior horn lesions diagnostics often rely on patient history and PCR analysis.
    • Hydrocephalus management might include VP shunt placement and decompression treatments.

    Syphilis Diagnosis and Treatment

    • Initial screening with RPR and VDRL tests followed by treponemal tests for confirmation.
    • Treatable with Penicillin G, potentially reversing spinal cord lesions.

    Friedrich's Ataxia

    • Autosomal recessive disorder affecting dorsal column, corticospinal, and spinocerebellar tracts.
    • Symptoms of ataxia, upper motor neuron lesions, and sensory issues.
    • Commonly associated with diabetes and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, with diagnosis via genetic testing.

    Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

    • Autoimmune disorder leading to demyelination affecting various spinal cord tracts.
    • Symptoms include optic neuritis leading to vision loss; diagnosis is clinical with MRI evaluation.

    Vitamin B12 Deficiency

    • Similar presentation as Friedrich's ataxia; affects dorsal columns and corticospinal tract.
    • Symptoms include upper motor neuron lesions and ataxia.
    • Diagnosis involves B12 serum levels and assessment for macrocytic anemia; treatment with B12 supplementation.

    Complete Spinal Cord Lesions

    • Results in total loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions below the lesion.
    • Initial flaccid paralysis can develop into upper motor neuron symptoms.
    • Sensory loss below lesion and possible incontinence; lesions above T6 may cause autonomic dysregulation and neurogenic shock.

    Treatment and Diagnosis Protocols

    • Diagnosis often includes CT scans initially, followed by MRI for detailed evaluation.
    • Treatment strategies are based on the underlying cause of injury.

    Spinal Cord Lesions Overview

    • Two primary classifications: complete lesions (total loss of function below injury) and incomplete lesions (some function preserved).

    Anterior Horn Lesions

    • Damage occurs to lower motor neurons (LMNs) leading to:
      • Flaccid paralysis
      • Hypotonia (reduced muscle tone)
      • Hyporeflexia (diminished reflexes)
      • Possible muscle twitching (fasciculations)
    • Symptoms may manifest bilaterally (symmetric) or unilaterally (asymmetric).

    Central Cord Syndrome

    • Most prevalent form of incomplete spinal cord injury.
    • Affects lateral corticospinal tracts, leading to:
      • Bilateral upper motor neuron symptoms below the lesion (e.g., paralysis, hypertonia, hyperreflexia).
      • Positive Babinski sign, indicating nerve damage.
    • Predominantly impacts upper limbs more than lower limbs.
    • Can cause Horner's syndrome due to descending autonomic fiber damage.

    Anterior White Commissure Damage

    • Disruption here results in bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensations.
    • Symptoms often present in a 'cape-like' distribution, frequent in syringomyelia cases.

    Posterior Cord Syndrome

    • A rare condition impacting the dorsal white column.
    • Causes loss of proprioception, vibration sense, and fine discriminative touch bilaterally.
    • Leads to sensory ataxia and coordination issues, affecting walking stability.

    Anterior Cord Syndrome

    • Often linked to anterior spinal artery damage, especially below T10.
    • Results in:
      • Bilateral upper motor neuron symptoms below the injury (e.g., paralysis).
      • Bilateral lower motor neuron symptoms at the lesion (flaccid paralysis).
      • Loss of pain and temperature sensations while preserving proprioception.

    Brown-Sequard Syndrome

    • Involves a unilateral lesion with characteristic effects:
      • Same-side loss of proprioception and fine touch (dorsal columns).
      • Opposite-side loss of pain and temperature (spinothalamic tract).
    • Symptoms vary depending on lesion level and reveal a mixed upper/lower motor neuron sign.

    Spinal Cord Anatomy and Functions

    • Sensory fibers enter the spinal cord at the posterior gray horn and ascend ipsilaterally.
    • Damage on one side of the spinal cord results in loss of sensations on the same side below the lesion.

    Brown-Sequard Syndrome Effects

    • In unilateral cases, autonomic fibers may be compromised.
    • Higher cervical injury can cause Horner's syndrome, whereas lower injuries may lead to incontinence.
    • Ipsilateral upper motor neuron signs persist below the lesion.

    Pain and Temperature Pathway

    • Pain and temperature fibers synapse at the segment level, cross over at the anterior white commissure, and ascend via the spinothalamic tract.
    • Results in contralateral loss of these sensations, typically one to two segments below the lesion site.

    Lower Motor Neuron Damage

    • Causes similar signs including hypotonia, hyporeflexia, fasciculations, and flaccid paralysis on the same side as the damage.

    Causes of Incomplete Spinal Cord Syndromes

    • Poliomyelitis: Virus causing anterior horn damage, primarily spread through fecal-oral transmission.
    • West Nile Virus: Presents with fever, rash, meningitis, or encephalitis, particularly in unvaccinated persons.
    • Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA): Genetic disorder linked to SMN gene deletion, seen mainly in infants.

    Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

    • Degenerative disease causing mixed upper and lower motor neuron signs.
    • Diagnosis via clinical evaluation; symptomatic treatment includes Riluzole.

    Central Cord Syndrome

    • Frequently following hyperextension injuries, particularly in older populations.
    • Related compressive damage caused by buckling ligamentum flavum.

    Syringomyelia

    • Characterized by dilation of the central canal, often associated with Arnold-Chiari malformation type I.
    • Diagnosis typically conducted through spinal MRI; treatment may involve decompression surgery.

    Posterior Cord Syndrome

    • Rarely results from penetraing trauma or large tumors affecting sensory pathways.
    • Leads to loss of proprioception and vibration sense, presenting as sensory ataxia.

    Neurosyphilis Symptoms

    • Argyle-Robertson pupil presents light-near dissociation indicating tertiary syphilis.
    • Primary syphilis manifests as a painless genital lesion, while secondary features include rash and lymphadenopathy.

    Diagnosis and Treatment Approaches

    • Anterior horn lesions diagnostics often rely on patient history and PCR analysis.
    • Hydrocephalus management might include VP shunt placement and decompression treatments.

    Syphilis Diagnosis and Treatment

    • Initial screening with RPR and VDRL tests followed by treponemal tests for confirmation.
    • Treatable with Penicillin G, potentially reversing spinal cord lesions.

    Friedrich's Ataxia

    • Autosomal recessive disorder affecting dorsal column, corticospinal, and spinocerebellar tracts.
    • Symptoms of ataxia, upper motor neuron lesions, and sensory issues.
    • Commonly associated with diabetes and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, with diagnosis via genetic testing.

    Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

    • Autoimmune disorder leading to demyelination affecting various spinal cord tracts.
    • Symptoms include optic neuritis leading to vision loss; diagnosis is clinical with MRI evaluation.

    Vitamin B12 Deficiency

    • Similar presentation as Friedrich's ataxia; affects dorsal columns and corticospinal tract.
    • Symptoms include upper motor neuron lesions and ataxia.
    • Diagnosis involves B12 serum levels and assessment for macrocytic anemia; treatment with B12 supplementation.

    Complete Spinal Cord Lesions

    • Results in total loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions below the lesion.
    • Initial flaccid paralysis can develop into upper motor neuron symptoms.
    • Sensory loss below lesion and possible incontinence; lesions above T6 may cause autonomic dysregulation and neurogenic shock.

    Treatment and Diagnosis Protocols

    • Diagnosis often includes CT scans initially, followed by MRI for detailed evaluation.
    • Treatment strategies are based on the underlying cause of injury.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the various types of spinal cord lesions, including complete and incomplete forms. It covers anterior horn lesions and central cord syndrome, detailing their effects on motor and sensory functions. Test your knowledge on the classification and symptoms associated with these conditions.

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