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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is the MOST common type of incomplete spinal cord injury?
Which of the following is the MOST common type of incomplete spinal cord injury?
A patient presents with greater motor and sensory deficits in their upper limbs, with relatively preserved function in their lower limbs. Bowel and bladder control is mostly intact. Which spinal cord syndrome is MOST likely?
A patient presents with greater motor and sensory deficits in their upper limbs, with relatively preserved function in their lower limbs. Bowel and bladder control is mostly intact. Which spinal cord syndrome is MOST likely?
A patient has an injury to one side of the spinal cord. Which of the following deficits would you expect on the ipsilateral side?
A patient has an injury to one side of the spinal cord. Which of the following deficits would you expect on the ipsilateral side?
A patient with Brown-Sequard Syndrome has lost motor control on the left side of their body, which side of their body will have lost pain and temperature sensation?
A patient with Brown-Sequard Syndrome has lost motor control on the left side of their body, which side of their body will have lost pain and temperature sensation?
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What is the MOST likely cause of Central Cord Syndrome?
What is the MOST likely cause of Central Cord Syndrome?
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Before initiating a patient transfer, what is the MOST important action to ensure patient safety and cooperation?
Before initiating a patient transfer, what is the MOST important action to ensure patient safety and cooperation?
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When setting up equipment for a patient transfer, which of the following is MOST crucial for preventing accidents?
When setting up equipment for a patient transfer, which of the following is MOST crucial for preventing accidents?
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Which posture MOST effectively enables a safe lift during a patient transfer?
Which posture MOST effectively enables a safe lift during a patient transfer?
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During a patient transfer, why is it important to use body weight and momentum?
During a patient transfer, why is it important to use body weight and momentum?
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When turning during a patient transfer, which movement technique is MOST recommended to prevent twisting injuries?
When turning during a patient transfer, which movement technique is MOST recommended to prevent twisting injuries?
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What is the primary difference between a direct and an indirect spinal cord injury?
What is the primary difference between a direct and an indirect spinal cord injury?
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Anterior cord syndrome primarily affects which of the following spinal tracts?
Anterior cord syndrome primarily affects which of the following spinal tracts?
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Which of the following best describes a secondary spinal cord injury?
Which of the following best describes a secondary spinal cord injury?
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A patient with a hyperflexion injury to the spine is MOST at risk of which spinal cord syndrome?
A patient with a hyperflexion injury to the spine is MOST at risk of which spinal cord syndrome?
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What is the distinguishing characteristic of a 'complete lesion' in a spinal cord injury?
What is the distinguishing characteristic of a 'complete lesion' in a spinal cord injury?
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A patient presents with bilateral loss of motor function, pain, and temperature sensation. Which spinal cord syndrome does this MOST likely indicate?
A patient presents with bilateral loss of motor function, pain, and temperature sensation. Which spinal cord syndrome does this MOST likely indicate?
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According to the provided content, what is the most common cause of traumatic spinal cord injuries?
According to the provided content, what is the most common cause of traumatic spinal cord injuries?
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Which of the following is a non-traumatic cause of spinal cord injury?
Which of the following is a non-traumatic cause of spinal cord injury?
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Which of the following spinal regions is MOST vulnerable to injury due to its instability in favor of mobility?
Which of the following spinal regions is MOST vulnerable to injury due to its instability in favor of mobility?
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A patient with a spinal cord lesion at T2 is likely to have which of the following functional capabilities?
A patient with a spinal cord lesion at T2 is likely to have which of the following functional capabilities?
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What is a common outcome of a diving-related spinal cord injury?
What is a common outcome of a diving-related spinal cord injury?
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What is the correlation between motor vehicle accidents and spinal cord injuries according to the provided information?
What is the correlation between motor vehicle accidents and spinal cord injuries according to the provided information?
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A patient experiences paralysis in their left arm, left trunk, and left leg. Which term BEST describes this condition?
A patient experiences paralysis in their left arm, left trunk, and left leg. Which term BEST describes this condition?
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Which of the following is an example of a vascular complication that could cause a spinal cord injury?
Which of the following is an example of a vascular complication that could cause a spinal cord injury?
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At what level of spinal cord injury is a patient MOST at risk of developing autonomic dysreflexia?
At what level of spinal cord injury is a patient MOST at risk of developing autonomic dysreflexia?
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Which of the following best describes paraparesis?
Which of the following best describes paraparesis?
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During a standing pivot transfer, what should the patient do after gaining balance?
During a standing pivot transfer, what should the patient do after gaining balance?
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When performing a standing pivot transfer from a chair to a bed, how should the patient be positioned in relation to their destination?
When performing a standing pivot transfer from a chair to a bed, how should the patient be positioned in relation to their destination?
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In the standing step around technique, what is the therapist's initial foot position?
In the standing step around technique, what is the therapist's initial foot position?
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During the stand up phase of the step around technique, where should the patient position their hands?
During the stand up phase of the step around technique, where should the patient position their hands?
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When moving a patient from a chair to a table using the described technique, where does one of the therapist's hands go?
When moving a patient from a chair to a table using the described technique, where does one of the therapist's hands go?
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During a bed mobility procedure, which of the following actions is NOT recommended?
During a bed mobility procedure, which of the following actions is NOT recommended?
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When performing a lateral shift, where should the therapist’s hands be placed on the turning sheet?
When performing a lateral shift, where should the therapist’s hands be placed on the turning sheet?
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In a 'pull turn to side lying', what is the recommended position of the patient’s far leg (unless contraindicated)?
In a 'pull turn to side lying', what is the recommended position of the patient’s far leg (unless contraindicated)?
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During a 'push turn to side lying', what should the therapist ensure regarding the patient's arm?
During a 'push turn to side lying', what should the therapist ensure regarding the patient's arm?
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When moving a patient over the side of the bed, in what position should the patient’s upper hand be?
When moving a patient over the side of the bed, in what position should the patient’s upper hand be?
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When centering a patient in a chair, where does the therapist place one hand for support during the movement?
When centering a patient in a chair, where does the therapist place one hand for support during the movement?
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When moving a patient back in a chair, where is the therapist's hand initially placed?
When moving a patient back in a chair, where is the therapist's hand initially placed?
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During a hemi transfer, where should the wheelchair be positioned relative to the table?
During a hemi transfer, where should the wheelchair be positioned relative to the table?
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In a hemi transfer, what is the positioning of the patient's feet on the floor compared to each other?
In a hemi transfer, what is the positioning of the patient's feet on the floor compared to each other?
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During a hemi transfer, what part of the patient does the therapist support?
During a hemi transfer, what part of the patient does the therapist support?
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Study Notes
Spinal Cord Injuries
- Definition: Injuries from direct or indirect damage to the spinal cord, or surrounding tissues/blood vessels. This leads to paralysis and/or loss of sensation, partially or wholly.
Classifications
- Direct vs. Indirect: Direct trauma affects the spinal cord directly, indirect occurs through surrounding tissue damage.
- Primary vs. Secondary Damage: Immediate damage is primary, while delayed damage post-injury is secondary.
- Complete vs. Incomplete Lesion: Complete means total motor and sensory loss below the injury point; incomplete means partial loss. Incomplete injuries are more common.
Etiology
- Trauma: Often caused by motor vehicle accidents (most common - 97% are non-seatbelt related), diving, contact sports (American football, rugby), and violent trauma (gunshot/stab wounds).
- Non-Traumatic: Spinal hematomas, infections, radiation, neoplasms (tumors), vascular complications (e.g., cardiac arrest, aortic aneurysm).
Specific Incomplete Spinal Cord Injuries
- Central Cord Syndrome: Most common incomplete injury; damage to the central spinal cord with peripheral sparing. Typically from hyperextension or arthritis of the cervical spine. Affects upper limbs more than lower.
- Brown-Séquard Syndrome: Damage to one side of the spinal cord, often caused by stabbing/gunshot wounds. Ipsilateral (same side) motor function/sensation loss. Contralateral (opposite side) pain/temperature loss.
- Anterior Cord Syndrome: Damage to the anterior spinal artery/cord, affecting both corticospinal and spinothalamic tracts (pain, temperature, crude touch). Usually caused by hyperflexion. Results in bilateral motor and sensory loss.
Signs and Symptoms: Level of Injury
- Vary based on the injured vertebral level and severity. Specific areas of the spine (e.g., C4-C6, T12-L1) are more vulnerable.
Types of Plegia
- Monoplegia: One limb paralysis
- Diplegia: Both (either upper or lower) limbs paralysis
- Paraplegia: Both lower limbs paralysis
- Paraparesis: Weakness in both lower limbs
- Hemiplegia: One side of the body (including upper limb, trunk, and lower limb) affected.
- Quadriplegia / Tetraplegia: All four limbs affected
- Quadriparesis: Weakness in all four limbs
Autonomic Dysreflexia (AD)
- An acute, exaggerated sympathetic response, potentially life-threatening. Common in injuries above T6. Painful stimuli in the abdomen or pelvic area (e.g., bladder distention) can trigger symptoms.
- Symptoms: Severe hypertension, bradycardia, headache, vasospasms, skin changes (flushed/sweating), piloerection.
Massage & Spinal Cord Injuries
- Adaptations: Modified techniques to accommodate the client's needs and limitations. Deep pressure and forceful stretching should be avoided to decrease risk of fractures or clots.
Transfer Techniques
- General Guidelines: Respect, clear communication, leading role, planning, safety precautions, respect the individual.
- Approaches: Client participation and understanding are crucial.
- Equipment: Make sure brakes are engaged and unnecessary components are removed.
- Positioning: Proper patient alignment to avoid risk of injury.
- Techniques: Specific techniques (like over the side of bed, positioning in chair, hemi-transfer, standing pivot) are used depending on the situation.
- Safety: Emphasis on preventing falls and maintaining stability at all times.
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Description
Test your knowledge about spinal cord injuries and the appropriate procedures for patient transfers. This quiz covers various syndromes, their symptoms, and safety measures necessary during patient handling. Challenge yourself to see how well you understand these critical concepts in healthcare.
