Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the spinal cord?
What is the primary function of the spinal cord?
The spinal cord is protected by skin and muscle.
The spinal cord is protected by skin and muscle.
False (B)
Which three layers make up the meninges?
Which three layers make up the meninges?
Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater
The spinal cord begins as an extension of the __________ at the level of the foramen magnum.
The spinal cord begins as an extension of the __________ at the level of the foramen magnum.
Signup and view all the answers
What does the filum terminale do?
What does the filum terminale do?
Signup and view all the answers
The cervical enlargement of the spinal cord is related to the upper extremities.
The cervical enlargement of the spinal cord is related to the upper extremities.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the roots of the lower spinal nerves that angle down alongside the filum terminale called?
What are the roots of the lower spinal nerves that angle down alongside the filum terminale called?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the spinal cord parts with their respective descriptions:
Match the spinal cord parts with their respective descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main purpose of a lumbar puncture?
What is the main purpose of a lumbar puncture?
Signup and view all the answers
Lumbar punctures are typically performed at the level of the 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae.
Lumbar punctures are typically performed at the level of the 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae.
Signup and view all the answers
What are some substances that can be injected into the subarachnoid space during a lumbar puncture?
What are some substances that can be injected into the subarachnoid space during a lumbar puncture?
Signup and view all the answers
The lumbar puncture is performed below the termination of the spinal cord in the region of the ________.
The lumbar puncture is performed below the termination of the spinal cord in the region of the ________.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following components with their descriptions:
Match the following components with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in the human body?
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in the human body?
Signup and view all the answers
Spinal nerves are part of the central nervous system (CNS).
Spinal nerves are part of the central nervous system (CNS).
Signup and view all the answers
What surrounds the fascicles of spinal nerves?
What surrounds the fascicles of spinal nerves?
Signup and view all the answers
How many pairs of cervical nerves are there?
How many pairs of cervical nerves are there?
Signup and view all the answers
The sacral region contains 12 pairs of spinal nerves.
The sacral region contains 12 pairs of spinal nerves.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the phrenic nerve?
What is the primary function of the phrenic nerve?
Signup and view all the answers
The __________ plexus provides nearly all the nerve supply to the shoulders and upper limbs.
The __________ plexus provides nearly all the nerve supply to the shoulders and upper limbs.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following spinal regions with the number of nerve pairs:
Match the following spinal regions with the number of nerve pairs:
Signup and view all the answers
What condition can result from a lesion of the median nerve?
What condition can result from a lesion of the median nerve?
Signup and view all the answers
Dermatomes are areas of skin supplied by the motor nerves.
Dermatomes are areas of skin supplied by the motor nerves.
Signup and view all the answers
What branches are formed shortly after a spinal nerve passes through the intervertebral foramen?
What branches are formed shortly after a spinal nerve passes through the intervertebral foramen?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is often referred to as 'winged scapula'?
What condition is often referred to as 'winged scapula'?
Signup and view all the answers
The ulnar nerve is protected by muscle and bone throughout its entire course.
The ulnar nerve is protected by muscle and bone throughout its entire course.
Signup and view all the answers
What injury is characterized by numbness and tingling in the palm and fingers due to median nerve damage?
What injury is characterized by numbness and tingling in the palm and fingers due to median nerve damage?
Signup and view all the answers
The __________ nerve supplies the medial half of the hand.
The __________ nerve supplies the medial half of the hand.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the nerve injury with its associated symptoms:
Match the nerve injury with its associated symptoms:
Signup and view all the answers
Which scenario is most likely to cause brachial plexus injury in adults?
Which scenario is most likely to cause brachial plexus injury in adults?
Signup and view all the answers
Damage to the long thoracic nerve only occurs from direct trauma.
Damage to the long thoracic nerve only occurs from direct trauma.
Signup and view all the answers
Which nerve is the largest arising from the lumbar plexus?
Which nerve is the largest arising from the lumbar plexus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is commonly referred to as bumping one’s 'funny bone'?
What is commonly referred to as bumping one’s 'funny bone'?
Signup and view all the answers
The sciatic nerve is composed of three nerves.
The sciatic nerve is composed of three nerves.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of white matter tracts in the spinal cord?
What is the role of white matter tracts in the spinal cord?
Signup and view all the answers
The obturator nerve is responsible for innervating the adductor muscles of the hip joint and skin over the __________ aspect of the thigh.
The obturator nerve is responsible for innervating the adductor muscles of the hip joint and skin over the __________ aspect of the thigh.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following nerves with their primary functions:
Match the following nerves with their primary functions:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a part of the lumbar plexus?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the lumbar plexus?
Signup and view all the answers
Gray matter in the spinal cord integrates incoming and outgoing information.
Gray matter in the spinal cord integrates incoming and outgoing information.
Signup and view all the answers
Which two nerves make up the sciatic nerve?
Which two nerves make up the sciatic nerve?
Signup and view all the answers
What results from transection of the spinal cord at the upper cervical area?
What results from transection of the spinal cord at the upper cervical area?
Signup and view all the answers
Shingles is caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox.
Shingles is caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox.
Signup and view all the answers
Name one degenerative disease mentioned that affects muscle control.
Name one degenerative disease mentioned that affects muscle control.
Signup and view all the answers
The extent of paralysis from a traumatic injury depends on its _______ and _______.
The extent of paralysis from a traumatic injury depends on its _______ and _______.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the type of paralysis with its description:
Match the type of paralysis with its description:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a cause of spinal cord compression?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of spinal cord compression?
Signup and view all the answers
The Babinski reflex is an indicator of abnormal brain functioning in infants.
The Babinski reflex is an indicator of abnormal brain functioning in infants.
Signup and view all the answers
What is referred to as 'transection' of the spinal cord?
What is referred to as 'transection' of the spinal cord?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Introduction
- The chapter focuses on the spinal cord and spinal nerves.
- It aims to identify and describe anatomical features.
- It discusses the functions and how they maintain homeostasis.
- It explains spinal reflex arcs.
Functions of the Spinal Cord
- Processes reflexes.
- Integrates EPSPs and IPSPs.
- Conducts sensory impulses to the brain and motor impulses to effectors.
Spinal Cord Anatomy
- The spinal cord is protected by bone (vertebrae), connective tissue (meninges), and fluid (cerebrospinal fluid).
Meninges
- The meninges consist of three layers: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
External Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
- The spinal cord originates at the foramen magnum and ends at the level of L2.
- It has cervical and lumbar enlargements for upper and lower limbs respectively.
- It has a spinal cord that continues caudally as the filum terminale.
- The cauda equina are nerve roots that angle downwards along the filum terminale.
Internal Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
- White matter is on the outside, gray matter is on the inside
- Sensory and motor tracts are within the white matter.
Sensory and Motor Processing
- The spinal cord's internal arrangement efficiently processes sensory and motor information.
Comparison of Various Spinal Cord Segments
- Different segments of the spinal cord show variations in size and characteristics of gray and white matter.
- Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal segments are discussed.
Spinal Nerves
- Spinal nerves connect the central nervous system to sensory receptors, muscles, and glands.
- 31 pairs of spinal nerves are present.
- Anterior and posterior roots connect spinal nerves to the spinal cord.
- Spinal nerves have connective tissue coverings like the epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium.
Peripheral Nerves
- Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord at regular intervals.
- Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves are categorized.
- Spinal nerves have several branches (rami).
Nerve Plexuses
- Brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses are major nerve groupings.
- They supply specific regions of the body.
- Includes nerves such as the long thoracic (serratus anterior), ulnar, median, etc.
- Common injuries may include Erb's or carpal tunnel syndrome.
Reflex Arcs
- Reflexes are quick, unintentional responses to stimuli.
- Crucial for homeostasis.
- Spinal reflexes integrate sensory input and motor responses within the spinal cord.
Reflexes
- Basic spinal reflexes involve sensory and motor neurons.
- Included are the stretch reflex, tendon reflex, flexor reflex, and crossed-extensor reflex.
- Key stimuli-responses are noted.
- The patellar, achilles, Babinski reflexes are important responses.
Disorders
- Traumatic injuries (monoplegia, paraplegia) can cause varying degrees of paralysis.
- Spinal cord compression can result from various factors.
- Degenerative diseases, shingles, and poliomyelitis can impact nerve function.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy and functions of the spinal cord and its protective layers, the meninges. This quiz covers topics such as lumbar punctures, spinal nerve pairs, and more. Perfect for students in neuroscience or human anatomy courses!
