Spinal Cord Anatomy and Meninges Review

False (B)

Gray matter and white matter

<p>dorsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide protection and stability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dorsal root = Carries sensory information Ventral root = Carries motor information Gray matter = Contains cell bodies White matter = Contains axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>White matter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>L1-L2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>arachnoid mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dura Mater = Tough fibrous outermost layer that stabilizes the spinal cord Arachnoid Mater = Middle layer with cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space Pia Mater = Deepest layer that is bound to spinal cord tissue Subarachnoid Space = Region where cerebrospinal fluid flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A groove located on the posterior side of the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pia mater (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebrospinal fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dendrites, soma, axon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To conduct nerve impulses (action potentials) toward the synaptic terminals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nissl bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anaxonic = Have more than two processes, but no true axon Bipolar = Have two processes separated by the soma Pseudounipolar = Have a single elongate process with a branching axon Multipolar = Have a single axon and multiple dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Soma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To affect another neuron or effector organ (muscle or gland).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multipolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anaxonic = Often found in the brain and retina Bipolar = Common in sensory organs Pseudounipolar = Typical for sensory neurons Multipolar = Most common type in the human body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stretching of muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It processes information received from sensory neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>patellar</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulus (stretching of muscle) = 1 Activation of sensory neuron = 2 Information processing = 3 Activation of motor neuron = 4 Muscle contraction = 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle that contracts in response to motor neuron activation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They detect the stretch of the muscle and activate sensory neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arrival of stimulus and activation of a receptor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reflex Arc</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory receptor = Detects stimulus Motor neuron = Delivers response command CNS = Processes information Effector = Carries out the response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conscious decision making (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dorsal root carries sensory information to the CNS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Posterior white column (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motor tracts or sensory tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gray</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cervical plexus = C1–C5 Brachial plexus = C5–T1 Lumbar plexus = T12–L4 Sacral plexus = L4–S4</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>31 pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ascending tracts = Carry sensory information to the brain Descending tracts = Carry motor commands from the brain Visceral motor commands = Innervate internal organs Somatic motor commands = Innervate skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lateral white column (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interoceptors, exteroceptors, and proprioceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurons consist of a soma (cell body), axon, and dendrites. The axon transmits nerve impulses, and dendrites receive signals from other neurons.

Neurons are responsible for transferring and processing information in the nervous system.

Branching extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons or the environment.

A long, slender projection of a neuron that transmits nerve impulses away from the soma.

The main part of a neuron, containing the nucleus, organelles, and other structures needed for cell function.

Clusters of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) and free ribosomes within the neuron's soma, involved in protein synthesis.

A neuron with one axon and multiple dendrites.

A neuron with two processes emanating from the cell body – one axon and one dendrite.

A neuron where the axon and dendrite are fused, seemingly forming one process from the cell body, but has separate branches.

A neuron without a distinct axon, with numerous dendrites.

The spinal cord extends from the brain to the level of vertebrae L1-L2, despite the fact that it is surrounded by the vertebral column which extends all the way down the back.

Specialized membranes that protect the spinal cord, provide physical stability, and absorb shock.

The tough, fibrous outermost layer of the meninges that stabilizes the spinal cord within the vertebral canal.

The middle meningeal layer. It is separated from the pia mater by the subarachnoid space, where cerebrospinal fluid flows.

The deepest meningeal layer that is firmly bound to the brain tissue and the spinal cord tissue. This layer contains blood vessels.

The space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater that contains cerebrospinal fluid.

The ventral and dorsal roots of the spinal nerves come together to form the spinal nerves.

These ligaments help to anchor the spinal cord to the dura mater, preventing it from moving excessively within the vertebral canal.

Three protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. The dura is the outermost, tough layer, followed by the arachnoid, a delicate web-like layer, and the pia mater, the innermost layer that closely adheres to the brain and spinal cord.

A narrow, fluid-filled canal running down the center of the spinal cord, containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

The inner region of the spinal cord, containing neuronal cell bodies (somas), dendrites, and synapses.

The outer region of the spinal cord, consisting mainly of myelinated axons, forming tracts or columns.

A cluster of sensory neuron cell bodies located outside the spinal cord, connected to the dorsal root.

The sensory nerve root entering the spinal cord carrying information from the body to the spinal cord

The motor nerve root exiting the spinal cord carrying information from the spinal cord to the body (muscles and glands)

An immediate, involuntary, and automatic response to a stimulus.

The neural pathway involved in a reflex response, consisting of sensory receptors, sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons, and effectors.

Activation of a sensory receptor by a stimulus.

Information is relayed from the sensory receptor to the central nervous system (CNS) via sensory neurons.

Information is processed by interneurons within the CNS, leading to a decision about the appropriate response.

A motor neuron is activated, sending a signal to the effector.

A muscle or gland that carries out the reflex response.

A reflex that involves the spinal cord as the processing center, bypassing the brain.

An involuntary muscle contraction triggered by stretching a muscle. It helps maintain muscle tone, posture, and balance.

A sensory receptor found within muscles that detects changes in muscle length. It sends signals to the spinal cord to initiate the stretch reflex.

A neuron that carries signals from the muscle spindles to the spinal cord.

The spinal cord receives information from the sensory neuron and integrates it to determine the appropriate response.

A neuron that carries signals from the spinal cord to the muscle, causing it to contract.

The shortening or tightening of a muscle to counteract the stretch.

A specific example of a stretch reflex, triggered by tapping the patellar tendon below the kneecap.

The muscle involved in carrying out the stretch response, usually the same muscle that was stretched.

Groups of nerve fibers (axons) in the spinal cord organized into columns called funiculi. These columns convey sensory and motor information to and from the brain.

The columns of nerve fibers in the white matter of the spinal cord, named after their location: posterior, anterior, and lateral.

Nerve pathways within the funiculi that carry sensory information from the body to the brain.

Nerve pathways within the funiculi that carry motor commands from the brain to the body.

A mixed nerve that connects the spinal cord to the rest of the body, carrying both sensory and motor information.

A branch of a spinal nerve that innervates the muscles and skin of the back.

A branch of a spinal nerve that innervates the muscles and skin of the body wall and limbs.

Clusters of nerve cell bodies that are part of the sympathetic nervous system, controlling the 'fight or flight' response.

A nerve fiber carrying preganglionic sympathetic fibers to the sympathetic ganglia.

A nerve fiber carrying postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the sympathetic ganglia to target organs.

The small branches connecting the spinal nerves to the sympathetic ganglia.

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion.