Spinal Cord Anatomy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the shape of the spinal cord?

The spinal cord is an elongated, nearly cylindrical structure, slightly flattened dorsoventrally.

Where does the spinal cord begin?

The spinal cord begins at the lower border of the foramen magnum.

What is the average length of the spinal cord in males?

The average length of the spinal cord in males is 45 cm

What is the conical end of the spinal cord called?

<p>The conical end of the spinal cord is called the conus medullaris.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate weight of the spinal cord?

<p>The spinal cord weighs about 30 grams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The spinal cord is divisible into 31 segments.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the denticulate ligaments?

<p>The denticulate ligaments stabilize the spinal cord inside the vertebral canal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the filum terminale?

<p>The filum terminale stabilizes the spinal cord by attaching to the coccyx.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the spinal nerves?

<p>Spinal nerves help to stabilize the spinal cord.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do C1-C7 spinal nerves exit?

<p>Above the corresponding vertebra</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the C8 spinal nerve exit?

<p>Below the corresponding vertebra</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the ventral and dorsal rami of the S1-S4 spinal nerves exit?

<p>Through the anterior and posterior sacral foramina</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the S5 and Co spinal nerves exit?

<p>Through the sacral hiatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the collection of spinal nerve roots that extend below the end of the spinal cord?

<p>The collection of spinal nerve roots that extend below the end of the spinal cord is called the cauda equina.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an external feature of the spinal cord?

<p>Central canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the anterolateral sulcus?

<p>The anterolateral sulcus is the groove along which the anterior rootlets leave the spinal cord.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the posterointermediate sulcus?

<p>The posterointermediate sulcus marks the limit between the gracile and cuneate fasciculi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gray matter is located in the inner mass of the spinal cord.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

White matter is located in the outer mass of the spinal cord.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The gray matter of the spinal cord is butterfly-shaped.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the central canal?

<p>The central canal contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many zones or laminae were identified by Bror Rexed in the spinal cord?

<p>Bror Rexed identified 10 zones or laminae in the spinal cord.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What laminae correspond to the dorsal part of the dorsal horn?

<p>Laminae I-IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of termination of cutaneous primary afferent terminals and their collaterals?

<p>The primary site of termination of cutaneous primary afferent terminals and their collaterals is in laminae I-IV of the dorsal horn.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is lamina I?

<p>Lamina I is a very thin layer at the dorsolateral tip of the dorsal horn.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nucleus proprius?

<p>The nucleus proprius of the dorsal horn corresponds to some of the cell constituents of laminae III and IV.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of roots that make up the spinal nerve?

<p>The two types of roots that make up a spinal nerve are the anterior root and the posterior root.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fibers are contained in the anterior root?

<p>Motor fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the ganglion located on the posterior root?

<p>The ganglion located on the posterior root is called the dorsal root ganglion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the anterior and posterior roots of a spinal nerve unite?

<p>When the anterior and posterior roots of a spinal nerve unite, they form a spinal nerve trunk that then divides into anterior and posterior rami.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The anterior and posterior rami of a spinal nerve contain both motor and sensory fibers.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three external features of the brain stem?

<p>The three external features of the brain stem are the anterior surface, lateral surface, and posterior surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main divisions of the brain stem?

<p>The three main divisions of the brain stem are the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the anterior median fissure?

<p>The anterior median fissure is a groove in the brain stem that separates the two pyramids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pyramid?

<p>The pyramid is a structure in the brain stem that contains corticospinal fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cranial nerve is associated with the hypoglossal nerve?

<p>The hypoglossal nerve is associated with the XII cranial nerve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the olive?

<p>The olive is an oval elevation produced by the underlying inferior olivary nuclei.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the postolivary sulcus?

<p>The postolivary sulcus contains the roots of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves, and the cranial roots of the accessory nerve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the inferior cerebellar peduncle?

<p>The inferior cerebellar peduncle connects the medulla to the cerebellum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the basis pontis?

<p>The basis pontis is the ventral part of the pons that contains transverse fibers of the middle cerebellar peduncle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the middle cerebellar peduncle?

<p>The middle cerebellar peduncle connects the pons to the cerebellum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the basilar sulcus?

<p>The basilar sulcus is a groove in the brain stem that lodges the basilar artery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The trigeminal nerve is located on the posterior surface of the brain stem.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cranial nerve is associated with the trigeminal nerve?

<p>The trigeminal nerve is the V cranial nerve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cranial nerve is associated with the abducens nerve?

<p>The abducens nerve is the VI cranial nerve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cranial nerve is associated with the facial nerve?

<p>The facial nerve is the VII cranial nerve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cranial nerve is associated with the vestibulocochlear nerve?

<p>The vestibulocochlear nerve is the VIII cranial nerve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The medial lemniscus is located on the lateral surface of the brain stem.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the inferior colliculus?

<p>The inferior colliculus is part of the auditory pathway.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many colliculi are there in the brain stem?

<p>There are four colliculi in the brain stem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the trochlear nerve?

<p>The trochlear nerve is involved in controlling eye movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the superior brachium?

<p>The superior brachium connects the superior colliculus to the lateral geniculate body, which is involved in visual processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the tectum?

<p>The tectum is a structure in the brain stem that contains the superior and inferior colliculi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the crus cerebri?

<p>The crus cerebri is part of the midbrain that contains descending tracts from the cerebral cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the substantia nigra?

<p>The substantia nigra is a pigmented area in the midbrain that plays a vital role in regulating movement and mood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cerebral aqueduct?

<p>The cerebral aqueduct is a narrow cavity in the midbrain that connects the third and fourth ventricles and is responsible for the flow of cerebrospinal fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the mesencephalic nuclei of the trigeminal nerve located?

<p>The mesencephalic nuclei of the trigeminal nerve are located lateral to the cerebral aqueduct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the red nucleus?

<p>The red nucleus is involved in motor control and coordination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the reticular formation located?

<p>The reticular formation is located in the tegmentum lateral and posterior to the red nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pretectal nucleus functions in the light reflex.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pretectal nucleus is located near the lateral part of the superior colliculus.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus?

<p>The Edinger-Westphal nucleus is a parasympathetic nucleus involved in the control of pupil constriction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the oculomotor nerve?

<p>The oculomotor nerve is important for controlling eye movements and raising the eyelid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many cranial nerves are attached to the brain stem?

<p>There are 12 cranial nerves attached to the brain stem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the brain stem connect?

<p>The brain stem connects the forebrain to the spinal cord and the cerebellum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pons contains a mixture of sensory, motor, and mixed cranial nerve fibers.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the facial nucleus?

<p>The facial nucleus controls the facial muscles and contributes to the formation of facial expressions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main types of descending tracts in the crus cerebri?

<p>The three main types of descending tracts in the crus cerebri are the corticospinal, corticopontine, and corticonuclear tracts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The trapezoid body contains fibers derived from the cochlear nuclei and the nuclei of the trapezoid body.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The medial lemniscus is located in the same position in the brain stem at the level of the facial colliculus and at the level of the principal sensory and motor nuclei of the trigeminal nerve.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lateral and spinal leminisci are located on the lateral side of the medial leminiscus in the brain stem.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve is located beneath the medial part of the fourth ventricle.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sensory fibers travel through the substance of the pons and lie lateral to the motor fibers.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main parts of the midbrain?

<p>The two main parts of the midbrain are the tegmentum and the crus cerebri.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pretectal nucleus?

<p>The pretectal nucleus is involved in the pupillary light reflex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the reticular formation located and what are the major functions of its nuclei?

<p>The reticular formation is located in the tegmentum of the brain stem and plays a major role in arousal and consciousness, motor control, sensory filtering, and autonomic functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The substantia nigra is located between the crus cerebri and the tegmentum.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the medial lemniscus?

<p>The medial lemniscus carries proprioceptive and touch information from the body to the thalamus, providing awareness of body position, movement, and touch sensations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The corticospinal fibers are located in the medial part of the crus cerebri.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The corticonuclear fibers are located in the middle part of the crus cerebri.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The frontopontine fibers are located in the medial part of the crus cerebri.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The temporopontine fibers are located in the lateral part of the crus cerebri.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The reticular formation regulates sleep and wakefulness.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The reticular formation plays a role in motor control.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The reticular formation is involved in sensory filtering.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The reticular formation regulates breathing and heart rate.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The reticular formation plays a role in maintaining consciousness.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Spinal Cord

  • The spinal cord is an elongated, cylindrical structure, slightly flattened dorsoventrally.
  • Length averages 45 cm in males and 42 cm in females.
  • Weight is about 30 g, 2% of the adult brain weight.
  • It starts at the lower border of the foramen magnum and ends at the L1-L2 intervertebral disc in adults, and L3 in newborns.
  • It exhibits cervical (C5-T1) and lumbar (L1-S2) enlargements.

Segmentation and Location

  • The spinal cord is segmented, divided into 31 segments: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal.
  • The segments are associated with specific vertebrae. The segment's location can be determined based on the vertebral body it lies opposite.

Coverings and Attachments

  • The spinal cord is covered by three meninges (pia, arachnoid, and dura mater).
  • These connect with the cranial meninges at the foramen magnum.
  • Distal to the conus medullaris, the pia mater extends inferiorly as the filum terminale and attaches to the coccyx.
  • The arachnoid and dura maters end at the second sacral vertebra, delimiting the subarachnoid space.

External Features

  • The spinal cord shows an anterior median fissure and a posterior median sulcus.
  • Anterolateral sulcus is where the anterior rootlets exit.
  • Posterolateral sulcus is where the posterior rootlets enter.
  • Posterointermediate sulcus marks the boundary between the gracile and cuneate fasciculi.

Internal Morphology

  • The spinal cord contains gray matter (butterfly or H-shaped) and white matter.
  • The gray matter is composed of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses, and is centrally located.
  • The white matter comprises nerve tracts and axons and is located peripherally to the gray matter.
  • Gray matter horns and laminae and nuclei are internal structures within the gray matter.

Spinal Nerves

  • Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord through intervertebral foramina.
  • Cervical nerves (C1 through C7) exit above the corresponding vertebra.
  • C8 exits below vertebra 7.
  • T1 to L5 exit below the corresponding vertebra.
  • The sacral nerves (S1 to S4) exit through the anterior and posterior sacral foramina
  • S5 and Co exit via the sacral hiatus.
  • The roots of L2 to Co (cauda equina) descend in the subarachnoid space to reach their exit points,

Spinal Cord Attachments

  • Denticulate ligaments: bilateral pial extensions, stabilizing the cord within the vertebral canal.
  • Filum terminale: fibrous thread extending from the conus medullaris to the coccyx, attaching the spinal cord to the coccyx.
  • Spinal nerves: connect the cord to the periphery, carrying outgoing motor and incoming sensory information.

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Test your knowledge on the anatomy and segmentation of the spinal cord. This quiz covers important aspects such as its structure, length, weight, and the coverings that protect it. Perfect for students studying human biology or anatomy!

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