Spinal Anatomy and Function Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What are the functions of the spine?

The spine protects the spinal cord and nerves, facilitates movement at the trunk and head, provides support for stability and posture, and bears weight and loads.

How many vertebrae are in the spine, and into how many regions are they split?

The spine is comprised of 33 vertebrae, divided into 5 regions.

How many vertebrae are in the thoracic region?

7

How many vertebrae are in the lumbar region?

<p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many vertebrae are in the sacrum region?

<p>5, fused</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which regions of the spine are concave?

<p>Cervical (C), Lumbar (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which regions of the spine have the most movement?

<p>Cervical (B), Lumbar (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the four joints involved in the spine.

<p>Atlantoaxial (A), Intervertebral (B), Atlantooccipital (C), Sacroiliac (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the vertebral body get larger as you move down the spine?

<p>The vertebral body gets larger to support the increased weight and shock absorption required in the lower spine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the lamina?

<p>The lamina protects the spinal cord and is a thin piece of bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the transverse process?

<p>The transverse process protects the nerve branches that extend from the spinal cord at each vertebra.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the intervertebral disks?

<p>Intervertebral disks act as shock absorbers within the spine, dissipating force due to their spongy nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the rib cage?

<p>The rib cage, comprising 12 pairs of ribs, protects the heart and lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

True ribs come round to the front of the rib cage, while false ribs do not.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ribs are floating ribs?

<p>Ribs 11-12 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sternum?

<p>The sternum is the flat central bone of the rib cage, extending downwards from the top.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main two ligaments in the spine, and what is their function?

<p>The posterior and anterior longitudinal ligaments provide stability to the spine, keeping the vertebrae stacked on top of each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four types of movement in the lumbar spine?

<p>Lumbar flexion (A), Lumbar rotation (B), Lumbar lateral flexion (C), Lumbar extension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles cause lumbar extension?

<p>Quadratus lumborum (A), Erector spinae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the linea alba?

<p>The linea alba separates the rectus abdominus into six sections and serves as a point of contact for the obliques.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the transverse abdominals?

<p>The transverse abdominals pull the abdominal wall inwards, contributing to stability and breathing by maintaining intra-abdominal pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles cause lumbar lateral flexion?

<p>Erector spinae (A), Quadratus lumborum (B), Internal obliques (C), Rectus abdominus (D), External obliques (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the points of reference for the posture plum line?

<p>The points of reference for the posture plum line are the ear, shoulder, rib cage, pelvis, knee, and ankle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a prolapsed intervertebral disk?

<p>A prolapsed intervertebral disk occurs when a disk bulges outside its normal position, potentially pressing on the spinal cord or nerve branches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Functions of the Spine

The spine protects the spinal cord and nerves, enables movement of the trunk and head, provides support for stability and posture, and bears weight.

Vertebrae in the Spine

The spine is composed of 33 vertebrae, divided into five regions: Cervical (neck), Thoracic (chest), Lumbar (lower back), Sacrum (pelvis), Coccyx (tailbone).

Thoracic Vertebrae

There are seven vertebrae in the thoracic region.

Lumbar Vertebrae

There are 12 vertebrae in the lumbar region.

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Sacral Vertebrae

There are five vertebrae in the sacrum region.

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Coccygeal Vertebrae

There are four vertebrae in the coccyx region, which are fused together.

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Concave Regions

The cervical and lumbar regions are concave.

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Convex Regions

The thoracic, sacrum, and coccyx regions are convex.

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Most Movement Regions

The cervical and lumbar regions allow the most movement.

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Joints of the Spine

Four main joints are associated with the spine: Intervertebral joints, Atlantooccipital joint, Atlantoaxial joint, and Sacroiliac joints.

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Vertebral Body Size

The vertebral body increases in size down the spine because the lumbar region bears the most weight and absorbs the most shock. Larger surface area helps dissipate energy and reduce injury risk.

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Function of the Lamina

The lamina helps protect the spinal cord, and it is a thin piece of bone.

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Function of the Transverse Process

The transverse process protects the nerve branches that branch out from the spinal cord at each vertebra.

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Function of Intervertebral Disks

Intervertebral disks act as shock absorbers in the spine. They are spongy and dissipate force. They become larger further down the spine.

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Rib Cage Function

The rib cage consists of 12 pairs of ribs that protect the heart and lungs.

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True vs. False Ribs

True ribs connect to the sternum (breastbone) at the front, while false ribs do not.

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Floating Ribs

The 11th and 12th ribs are floating ribs because they don't connect to the sternum.

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Sternum

The sternum is the central bone of the rib cage, a flat bone running down, with the top portion called the manubrium.

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Main Spinal Ligaments

The posterior and anterior longitudinal ligaments provide stability to the spine and keep the bones stacked on top of each other.

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Lumbar Spine Movements

The lumbar spine allows four types of movement: Flexion (bending forward), Extension (bending backward), Lateral Flexion (bending sideways), and Rotation (twisting).

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Lumbar Extension Muscles

The erector spinae group (back muscles) and quadratus lumborum (lower back muscle) cause extension of the lumbar spine.

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Lumbar Flexion Muscles

The rectus abdominus (central abdominal muscle) and internal and external obliques (side abdominal muscles) cause flexion of the lumbar spine.

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Linea Alba

The linea alba is a tendon that separates the rectus abdominus muscle into six sections and is a point of contact for the oblique muscles.

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Transverse Abdominus

The transverse abdominus muscle pulls the abdominal wall inward, contributing to core stability and breathing by maintaining intra-abdominal pressure.

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Lumbar Lateral Flexion Muscles

The erector spinae group, quadratus lumborum, external obliques, internal obliques, and rectus abdominus muscles on the same side cause lateral flexion (bending sideways).

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Lumbar Rotation Muscles

The external obliques, internal obliques, both sides of the rectus abdominus, and both sides of the erector spinae contribute to lumbar rotation. External obliques act contralaterally (opposite side), while the rest are ipsilateral (same side).

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Posture Plum Line

The posture plum line is a vertical line used to assess posture. Key points of reference include the ear, shoulder, rib cage, pelvis, knee, and ankle.

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Prolapsed Intervertebral Disk

A prolapsed intervertebral disk occurs when a disk bulges outside its normal position, putting pressure on the spinal cord or nerve branches. It can cause pain, swelling, and loss of movement.

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Study Notes

Spinal Anatomy and Function

  • The spine protects the spinal cord and nerves.
  • It facilitates trunk and head movement.
  • It provides support for stability and posture.
  • It bears weight/loads.

Vertebrae Regions and Counts

  • The spine has 33 vertebrae in 5 regions.
  • Thoracic region: 12 vertebrae.
  • Lumbar region: 5 vertebrae.
  • Sacrum region: 5 fused vertebrae.
  • Coccyx region: 4 fused vertebrae.

Spinal Curvatures

  • Cervical and lumbar regions are concave.
  • Thoracic, sacrum and coccyx regions are convex.
  • Most movement comes from cervical and lumbar regions.

Spinal Joints

  • The spine involves intervertebral joints, atlantooccipital joints, atlantoaxial joints, and sacroiliac joints.

Vertebral Body Size Change

  • Lumbar vertebral bodies are larger due to increased weight-bearing and shock absorption needs.
  • Larger surface area dissipates force, reducing injury risk.

Spinal Structures and Functions

  • Lamina: Protects the spinal cord; a thin bony part.
  • Transverse Processes: Protect the nerve branches branching off the spinal cord.
  • Intervertebral Disks: Act as shock absorbers; larger further down the spine.

Rib Cage

  • 12 pairs of ribs protect the heart and lungs.
  • True ribs attach to sternum anteriorly, false ribs don't.
  • Ribs 11 and 12 are floating ribs.

Sternum

  • The sternum is the central bone of the rib cage, extending vertically from top (manubrium).

Spinal Ligaments

  • Posterior and anterior longitudinal ligaments maintain stability and prevent vertebra displacement.

Lumbar Movements

  • Lumbar flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation are the four major movements.

Lumbar Muscles (Extension)

  • Erector spinae and quadratus lumborum cause lumbar extension.

Lumbar Muscles (Flexion)

  • Rectus abdominis and internal/external obliques cause lumbar flexion.

Linea Alba

  • The linea alba separates the rectus abdominis and provides attachment for obliques.

Transverse Abdominals

  • They pull the abdominal wall inwards, supporting stability and breathing by maintaining intra-abdominal pressure.

Lumbar Lateral Flexion Muscles

  • Erector spinae, quadratus lumborum, external obliques, internal obliques, and rectus abdominis (ipsilateral contraction).

Lumbar Rotation Muscles

  • External obliques (contralateral contraction), internal obliques, rectus abdominus, and erector spinae (ipsilateral contraction).

Posture Reference Points

  • Ear, shoulder, rib cage, pelvis, knee, and ankle.

Prolapsed Intervertebral Disk

  • Bulge of the intervertebral disk that can press on the spinal cord or nerve branches.
  • Symptoms include pain, swelling, and loss of movement; treatment may include injections or surgery.

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Description

Test your knowledge on spinal anatomy, including the structure, regions, and functions of the spine. Explore the various vertebrae types and understand how the spine supports movement and stability. This quiz covers essential concepts in spinal curvatures and joints.

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