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Questions and Answers
What are the functions of the spine?
What are the functions of the spine?
The spine protects the spinal cord and nerves, facilitates movement at the trunk and head, provides support for stability and posture, and bears weight and loads.
How many vertebrae are in the spine, and into how many regions are they split?
How many vertebrae are in the spine, and into how many regions are they split?
The spine is comprised of 33 vertebrae, divided into 5 regions.
How many vertebrae are in the thoracic region?
How many vertebrae are in the thoracic region?
7
How many vertebrae are in the lumbar region?
How many vertebrae are in the lumbar region?
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How many vertebrae are in the sacrum region?
How many vertebrae are in the sacrum region?
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Which regions of the spine are concave?
Which regions of the spine are concave?
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Which regions of the spine have the most movement?
Which regions of the spine have the most movement?
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Name the four joints involved in the spine.
Name the four joints involved in the spine.
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Why does the vertebral body get larger as you move down the spine?
Why does the vertebral body get larger as you move down the spine?
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What is the function of the lamina?
What is the function of the lamina?
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What is the function of the transverse process?
What is the function of the transverse process?
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What is the function of the intervertebral disks?
What is the function of the intervertebral disks?
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What is the function of the rib cage?
What is the function of the rib cage?
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True ribs come round to the front of the rib cage, while false ribs do not.
True ribs come round to the front of the rib cage, while false ribs do not.
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Which ribs are floating ribs?
Which ribs are floating ribs?
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What is the sternum?
What is the sternum?
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What are the main two ligaments in the spine, and what is their function?
What are the main two ligaments in the spine, and what is their function?
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What are the four types of movement in the lumbar spine?
What are the four types of movement in the lumbar spine?
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Which muscles cause lumbar extension?
Which muscles cause lumbar extension?
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What is the function of the linea alba?
What is the function of the linea alba?
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What is the function of the transverse abdominals?
What is the function of the transverse abdominals?
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Which muscles cause lumbar lateral flexion?
Which muscles cause lumbar lateral flexion?
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What are the points of reference for the posture plum line?
What are the points of reference for the posture plum line?
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What is a prolapsed intervertebral disk?
What is a prolapsed intervertebral disk?
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Study Notes
Spinal Anatomy and Function
- The spine protects the spinal cord and nerves.
- It facilitates trunk and head movement.
- It provides support for stability and posture.
- It bears weight/loads.
Vertebrae Regions and Counts
- The spine has 33 vertebrae in 5 regions.
- Thoracic region: 12 vertebrae.
- Lumbar region: 5 vertebrae.
- Sacrum region: 5 fused vertebrae.
- Coccyx region: 4 fused vertebrae.
Spinal Curvatures
- Cervical and lumbar regions are concave.
- Thoracic, sacrum and coccyx regions are convex.
- Most movement comes from cervical and lumbar regions.
Spinal Joints
- The spine involves intervertebral joints, atlantooccipital joints, atlantoaxial joints, and sacroiliac joints.
Vertebral Body Size Change
- Lumbar vertebral bodies are larger due to increased weight-bearing and shock absorption needs.
- Larger surface area dissipates force, reducing injury risk.
Spinal Structures and Functions
- Lamina: Protects the spinal cord; a thin bony part.
- Transverse Processes: Protect the nerve branches branching off the spinal cord.
- Intervertebral Disks: Act as shock absorbers; larger further down the spine.
Rib Cage
- 12 pairs of ribs protect the heart and lungs.
- True ribs attach to sternum anteriorly, false ribs don't.
- Ribs 11 and 12 are floating ribs.
Sternum
- The sternum is the central bone of the rib cage, extending vertically from top (manubrium).
Spinal Ligaments
- Posterior and anterior longitudinal ligaments maintain stability and prevent vertebra displacement.
Lumbar Movements
- Lumbar flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation are the four major movements.
Lumbar Muscles (Extension)
- Erector spinae and quadratus lumborum cause lumbar extension.
Lumbar Muscles (Flexion)
- Rectus abdominis and internal/external obliques cause lumbar flexion.
Linea Alba
- The linea alba separates the rectus abdominis and provides attachment for obliques.
Transverse Abdominals
- They pull the abdominal wall inwards, supporting stability and breathing by maintaining intra-abdominal pressure.
Lumbar Lateral Flexion Muscles
- Erector spinae, quadratus lumborum, external obliques, internal obliques, and rectus abdominis (ipsilateral contraction).
Lumbar Rotation Muscles
- External obliques (contralateral contraction), internal obliques, rectus abdominus, and erector spinae (ipsilateral contraction).
Posture Reference Points
- Ear, shoulder, rib cage, pelvis, knee, and ankle.
Prolapsed Intervertebral Disk
- Bulge of the intervertebral disk that can press on the spinal cord or nerve branches.
- Symptoms include pain, swelling, and loss of movement; treatment may include injections or surgery.
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Description
Test your knowledge on spinal anatomy, including the structure, regions, and functions of the spine. Explore the various vertebrae types and understand how the spine supports movement and stability. This quiz covers essential concepts in spinal curvatures and joints.
