Reproductive Systems
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Questions and Answers

Where does fertilization of the egg typically occur?

  • In the cervix
  • In the oviduct (correct)
  • In the vagina
  • In the uterus

    • What is the primary source of oestrogens in females?

  • Ovaries (correct)
  • Vagina
  • Uterus
  • Cervix

    • Where are the primary oocytes 'arrested' until puberty?

  • Uterus
  • Follicles (correct)
  • Vagina
  • Cervical canal

    • What triggers the completion of the second meiotic division in oogenesis?

    <p>Penetration by a sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the risk factors for gestational diabetes?

    <p>Older maternal age, obesity, pre-diabetic/family history of PCOS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can gestational diabetes increase the risk of?

    <p>CVD and T2DM in mother and child, future obesity of infant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone promotes the production of PGF2α and increases oxytocin receptors?

    <p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can complications in labors such as slow progress be treated?

    <p>By administering synthetic/exogenous oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does fertilization occur?

    <p>In the distal half of the Fallopian tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of testosterone in spermatogenesis?

    <p>Plays a direct role in spermatogenesis and secondary sexual characteristics development via androgen receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does the egg typically survive after ovulation?

    <p>12-24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Viagra in relation to sperm transport?

    <p>Prevents the breakdown of cGMP and prolongs vasodilation, facilitating erection and improving blood flow for sperm transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)?

    <p>Stimulates the gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary gland to produce FSH and LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the roles of male gonads?

    <p>Both sperm production and androgen production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many trimesters is human pregnancy divided into?

    <p>Three trimesters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks the pre-embryonic stage?

    <p>Cleavage, implantation, and embryogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells produce testosterone?

    <p>Leydig cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Viagra prolong to facilitate erection?

    <p>Vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is released in the hypothalamus, leading to the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the menstrual cycle includes vascularization, glandular development, and endometrial thickening?

    <p>Secretory phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may cause amenorrhea?

    <p>Hormonal imbalance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the assisted reproductive techniques available for cases of low sperm concentration and motility?

    <p>Intrauterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures are involved in female reproduction?

    <p>Cyclical gamete production, complex hormonal regulation, and internal structures for gestation and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of testes in male reproduction?

    <p>The site for gamete production and the delivery of sperm to the penis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks the loss of functional endometrial layer and starts the proliferative phase?

    <p>Menstrual flow (Day 1-4)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause amenorrhea?

    <p>Genetic abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which assisted reproductive technique involves injecting a single sperm directly into an egg?

    <p>Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures remain undifferentiated until week 6 and then develop into female and male reproductive structures?

    <p>'Mullerian' and 'Wolffian' ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of oestrogen in females?

    <p>Ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase of the menstrual cycle includes three phases: follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase?

    <p>Menstrual cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are sperm stem cells, called spermatogonia, located?

    <p>At the periphery of seminiferous tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Leydig cells in male reproduction?

    <p>Production of testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage does fertilization typically occur?

    <p>Distal half of the Fallopian tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Viagra in relation to male reproductive physiology?

    <p>Prolongs vasodilation for sperm transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks the beginning of human pregnancy?

    <p>Fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) produced?

    <p>Pre-optic area and hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary adaptations of the Cardiovascular System during pregnancy?

    <p>Decreased total peripheral resistance and increased blood volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the risk factors for gestational diabetes?

    <p>Older maternal age, obesity, pre-diabetic or family history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does gestational diabetes increase the risk of?

    <p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in mother and child</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone promotes the production of PGF2α and increases oxytocin receptors?

    <p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the completion of the second meiotic division in oogenesis?

    <p>Ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for promoting contraction in uterine smooth muscle?

    <p>Increase in calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be used to treat slow progress labors with weak contractions/uterine atony?

    <p>Synthetic/exogenous oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks the end of further oxytocin production following birth?

    <p>Parturition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be used to treat preterm birth (too early in pregnancy)?

    <p>Oxytocin receptor antagonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone can modulate contraction in uterine smooth muscle?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does fertilization of the egg typically occur?

    <p>Oviduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of oestrogens in females?

    <p>Ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the primary oocytes 'arrested' until puberty?

    <p>Ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone promotes the production of PGF2α and increases oxytocin receptors?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks the pre-embryonic stage?

    <p>Zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells produce testosterone?

    <p>Leydig cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Hormonal regulation of female reproduction involves synchronization between follicle growth, ovulation, and endometrial thickening

    • In hypothalamus, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is released, leading to the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the anterior pituitary

    • In ovaries, the release of oestrogen (oestradiol) and progesterone occurs

    • Menstrual cycle includes three phases: follicular phase (Day 1-13), ovulation (Day 14), and luteal phase (Day 15-28)

    • Menstrual flow (Day 1-4) marks the loss of functional endometrial layer and starts the proliferative phase

    • Secretory phase includes vascularization, glandular development, and endometrial thickening

    • Amenorrhea may be caused by various factors, such as hormonal imbalance, genetic abnormalities, anatomical issues, and underweight or athletic conditions

    • Menstrual disorders and infertility can also be caused by low sperm concentration and motility

    • Assisted reproductive techniques are available to help in cases of low sperm concentration and motility, including intrauterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

    • Reproductive structures in females include cyclical gamete production, complex hormonal regulation, and the internal structures for gestation and development

    • Testes play a key role in male reproduction, as the site for gamete production and the delivery of sperm to the penis

    • Semen consists of sperm and secretions from various glands, such as the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands

    • Male and female development is determined by the urogenital ridge, which remains undifferentiated until week 6 and then becomes the mullerian and wolffian ducts, which develop into female and male reproductive structures, respectively.

    • Spermatogenesis is a continuous process of producing mature sperm in the seminiferous tubules.

    • Each ejaculate contains around 100 million sperm per milliliter.

    • Sperm stem cells, called spermatogonia, are located at the periphery and undergo clonal expansion via mitosis before meiotic division.

    • Meiotic division results in the formation of spermatids, which then differentiate into spermatozoa.

    • Testosterone, an androgen produced by Leydig cells, plays a direct role in spermatogenesis and secondary sexual characteristics development via androgen receptors.

    • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is produced in the pre-optic area and hypothalamus and stimulates the gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary gland to produce FSH and LH.

    • Viagra, a Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, prevents the breakdown of cGMP and prolongs vasodilation, facilitating erection and improving blood flow for sperm transport.

    • Male gonads require intervention during fetal development for formation and their roles include sperm production and androgen production.

    • Human pregnancy lasts for approximately 266 days (~ 40 weeks) and is divided into three trimesters.

    • Fertilization occurs in the distal half of the Fallopian tube, where only a small percentage (~ 0.00001 %) of sperm reach the egg, which has a lifespan of 12-24 hours.

    • The egg must undergo the cortical reaction to prevent polyspermy and the corpus luteum degradation, securing the fertilized egg until the placenta takes over.

    • The Blastocyst stage (0-2 weeks) marks the pre-embryonic stage with three stages: cleavage, implantation, and embryogenesis.

    • The Cardiovascular System undergoes various adaptations in pregnancy, including decreased total peripheral resistance, increased blood volume, and increased cardiac output, as well as less favorable adjustments like increased pressure on pelvic blood vessels, pre-eclampsia, and gestational diabetes.

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    Reproductive Systems.docx

    Description

    Test your knowledge about the process of spermatogenesis, the production of mature sperm in the seminiferous tubules. Learn about the different stages of meiotic division and the production of sperm cells.

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