Biology Chapter Female Reproductive System
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the female reproductive system after fertilization?

  • Transportation of sperm
  • Development and nourishment of a new individual (correct)
  • Production of gametes
  • Fertilization of oocytes

Meiosis occurs in both males and females to produce gametes.

True (A)

What is formed immediately after the fertilization of an oocyte?

Zygote

The process by which chromosomes align as pairs during meiosis is called ______.

<p>synapsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Gametes = Reproductive cells produced in testes and ovaries Fetus = Development stage from 56 days after fertilization Crossing over = Exchange of genetic material between chromatids Embryo = Development stage from 14 to 56 days after fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the male reproductive system nourishes sperm until they are mature?

<p>Epididymis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ is the female reproductive organ that nurtures the development of a new individual until birth.

<p>uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mammary glands?

<p>To produce milk (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hymen is a reliable indicator of virginity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone secreted by the placenta causes the corpus luteum to enlarge during pregnancy?

<p>human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oogenesis is the process of ______ production in females.

<p>gamete</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following structures with their functions:

<p>Clitoris = Erectile structure in external genitalia Labia majora = Rounded folds of skin protecting the vulva Alveoli = Secretory sacs in mammary glands Mons pubis = Tissue elevation over the pubic symphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the testes?

<p>Produce sperm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cryptorchidism refers to the proper descent of testes into the scrotum.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What temperature must sperm develop at to be viable?

<p>34°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _______ muscles contract to help keep the testes warm by pulling them closer to the body.

<p>cremaster</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the dartos muscle in cold temperatures?

<p>It contracts, reducing the size of the scrotum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An inguinal hernia is a condition characterized by the descent of the testes into the scrotum.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the male reproductive organs that produce sperm?

<p>Testes</p> Signup and view all the answers

The testes are divided into about _______ cone-shaped lobules, each containing seminiferous tubules.

<p>250</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Sertoli cells?

<p>Nourish germ cells and produce hormones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sperm cells taken directly from the testes are capable of fertilizing oocytes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the length of the ductus deferens?

<p>45 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

The final changes in sperm cells, called __________, occur after ejaculation.

<p>capacitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following glands with their function:

<p>Seminal Vesicles = Contributes to ejaculatory duct Prostate Gland = Surrounds urethra Bulbourethral Gland = Secretes mucus Testicular Artery = Supplies blood to testes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the urethra passes through the prostate gland?

<p>Prostatic urethra (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ampulla of the ductus deferens joins the seminal vesicle before the ejaculatory duct is formed.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the spermatic cord?

<p>Contains the ductus deferens, testicular vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The urethra serves as a passageway for urine and __________ reproductive fluids.

<p>male</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is described as a sac-shaped gland next to the ductus deferens?

<p>Seminal Vesicle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the fimbriae surrounding the uterine tubes?

<p>To help catch the secondary oocyte after ovulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ampulla is the location where fertilization occurs.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when the fertilized oocyte implants in the uterine wall?

<p>Implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The uterus is as big as a ________.

<p>medium-sized pear</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the uterine wall is the muscular layer?

<p>Myometrium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The vagina serves as the organ for childbirth and menstrual flow.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the uterus is made up of simple columnar epithelium?

<p>Endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ________ uterus occurs when the round ligament weakens and the uterus extends out of the vagina.

<p>prolapsed</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the parts of the uterus with their descriptions:

<p>Fundus = Superior portion of the uterus Body = Main part of the uterus Cervix = Narrow inferior part of the uterus Round ligament = Supports the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cervical canal and its function?

<p>The cervical canal is the passage that opens from the cervix into the vagina, allowing for menstrual flow and childbirth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Meiosis

The process of forming gametes (sperm and eggs) in the testes and ovaries.

Fertilization

The union of a sperm cell and an egg cell.

Zygote

The cell that forms after fertilization.

Embryo

The stage of development from 14 to 56 days after fertilization.

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Fetus

The stage of prenatal development that starts 56 days after fertilization.

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Sperm Cells

Male reproductive cells produced in the testes.

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Oocytes (Eggs)

Female reproductive cells produced in the ovaries.

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What is the scrotum?

A sac-like structure that holds the testes, responsible for regulating temperature for optimal sperm production.

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How do the testes regulate temperature?

The testes can contract to bring the testes closer to the body for warmth.

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What is cryptorchidism?

A condition where one or both testes fail to descend into the scrotum during fetal development.

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What is an inguinal hernia?

A condition where a weak spot in the abdominal muscles allows tissues to bulge through.

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What are the testes?

The primary male reproductive organs, responsible for producing sperm.

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Where does sperm production happen in the testes?

The sperm production process occurs within coiled tubes called seminiferous tubules located inside the testes.

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Fimbriae

Finger-like projections at the opening of the fallopian tube, responsible for capturing the released egg.

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Where in the seminiferous tubules are immature sperm cells (Spermatogonia) located?

Spermatogonia are undeveloped sperm cells located at the periphery of seminiferous tubules, while mature sperm cells are found near the lumen.

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What is spermatogenesis?

The process by which the testes produce sperm cells.

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Implantation

Process of the fertilized egg attaching to the uterine wall, beginning pregnancy.

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What is the optimal temperature for sperm production?

The process of sperm production requires a temperature that is slightly lower than the normal body temperature.

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Body (of the uterus)

The main, central part of the uterus.

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Cervix

The lower, narrower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina.

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Endometrium

The inner lining of the uterus, responsible for shedding during menstruation and providing a suitable environment for implantation.

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Myometrium

The muscular wall of the uterus, responsible for contractions during labor.

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Round ligament

A ligament that supports the uterus, preventing it from prolapsing.

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Prolapsed uterus

A condition where the uterus weakens and extends out of the vagina.

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Vagina

The tube that connects the uterus to the outside of the body, also known as the birth canal.

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Vulva

The external genitalia of a female, including the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and vestibule.

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Vestibule

The space located between the labia minora where the urethra and vagina open.

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Hymen

A thin mucous membrane that partially covers the vaginal opening (the hymen).

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Oogenesis

The process of egg production in the ovaries.

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Follicles

Fluid-filled sacs in the ovary that surround and protect developing eggs.

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What are Sertoli cells?

Large cells in the seminiferous tubules that nourish developing sperm cells and produce inhibin, a hormone that regulates testosterone production.

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What is capacitation?

The process by which sperm cells mature and gain the ability to fertilize an egg. It occurs in the epididymis.

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What is the rete testis?

A network of tubules within the testes that collects sperm from the seminiferous tubules and transports it to the epididymis.

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What is the ductus deferens?

The tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.

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What is the seminal vesicle?

A sac-shaped gland next to the ductus deferens that secretes a fluid that nourishes and helps propel sperm.

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What is the prostate gland?

A gland surrounding the urethra that secretes a fluid that contributes to semen.

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What are the bulbourethral glands?

Small glands near the base of the prostate that secrete mucus that lubricates the urethra during sexual arousal.

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What is the urethra?

The tube that carries urine and semen through the penis.

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What is the 'interstitial' part of the testes?

The outer layer of tissue in the testes that contains Leydig cells, which produce testosterone.

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What is the corpus cavernosum?

The two columns of erectile tissue in the penis that fill with blood during erection.

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Study Notes

Reproductive System Overview

  • The reproductive system is responsible for producing gametes (sperm and eggs), fertilization, development, and hormone production.
  • Male gametes are sperm produced in the testes.
  • Female gametes are oocytes (eggs) produced in the ovaries.
  • Fertilization is the union of sperm and egg.
  • Development and nourishment of a new individual occurs primarily in the female, where the fetus develops in the uterus.
  • The reproductive system produces hormones that control its development and function, influencing physical characteristics and sexual behavior.

Male Reproductive System

  • The male reproductive system consists of the testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, urethra, accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands), and the scrotum.
  • Testes produce sperm within seminiferous tubules.
  • Sperm mature and are stored in the epididymis.
  • The ductus deferens transports sperm to the urethra.
  • Accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral) produce fluids to support sperm.
  • The urethra carries urine and semen out of the body.
  • The scrotum regulates the temperature of the testes for sperm production.
  • The penis is the external organ for sexual intercourse.

Female Reproductive System

  • The female reproductive system consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and external genitalia (vulva).
  • Ovaries produce oocytes and female sex hormones.
  • Uterine tubes transport oocytes from the ovaries to the uterus.
  • The uterus is where the fertilized egg implants and develops.
  • The vagina is the birth canal.
  • External genitalia include the clitoris, labia, and vestibule.

Meiosis

  • The testes in males and the ovaries in females produce gametes (sperm and egg) through a process called meiosis.
  • Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in cells with half the number of chromosomes.
  • Before meiosis begins, chromosomes are duplicated.
  • Meiosis includes two divisions: meiosis I and meiosis II.
  • Meiosis results in four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
  • Crossing over occurs during meiosis, an important source of genetic variation.

Development of Gametes

  • Spermatogenesis is the process of sperm cell production that occurs in the seminiferous tubules within the testes.
  • It involves multiple stages and cell divisions, culminating in mature sperm cells.
  • Oogenesis, the formation of female gametes (oocytes), begins before birth but is not completed until ovulation.
  • Primary oocytes are formed before birth, and then development continues in the ovarian follicles in response to various hormones.
  • The development of oocytes and follicles is controlled by various hormones, and a series of developmental steps result in the release of mature, fertilizable eggs.

Stages of Menstrual Cycle

  • The menstrual cycle is a series of changes that occur in the female reproductive system to prepare for possible pregnancy.
  • It is divided into phases: menstruation, proliferative, ovulation, and secretory.
  • Each phase is characterized by specific hormonal changes, endometrial changes in the uterus, and oocyte development.
  • Important hormones involved in each phase include FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone.

Male Reproductive Hormones

  • There are several hormones essential for proper male reproductive function.
  • Hormones like testosterone, FSH, and LH play critical roles in regulating various physical and physiological processes.
  • These hormones regulate male reproductive function and secondary sex characteristics.

Female Reproductive Hormones

  • Several hormones are vital for the proper development and function of the female reproductive system.
  • These hormones (such as estrogen, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) play key roles in regulating the menstrual cycle, fertility, and the development of secondary sex characteristics.

Sperm and Ovum Production

  • Spermatogenesis: the formation of sperm cells, occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.
  • Spermatogonia are the starting cells of the process, going through meiotic divisions, ultimately forming mature sperm cells.
  • Oogenesis: the process of formation of oocytes takes place in the ovaries. It begins in the fetal stage; the production of mature oocytes completes at the time of ovulation, in coordination with the menstrual cycle.

Pregnancy

  • Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). A hormone crucial to maintaining pregnancy.
  • During pregnancy, the placenta produces enough progesterone to support the fetus.

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Module 12: The Reproductive System PDF

Description

Test your knowledge of the female and male reproductive systems with this comprehensive quiz. Covering key concepts such as fertilization, meiosis, and the functions of various reproductive organs, this quiz is designed for biology students. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand reproductive biology.

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