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Questions and Answers
What is the response induced by out of context words in a sentence according to EEG studies?
What is the response induced by out of context words in a sentence according to EEG studies?
What is the effect of damage to Broca's area?
What is the effect of damage to Broca's area?
What is the primary function of Wernicke's area?
What is the primary function of Wernicke's area?
What is a characteristic of Broca's aphasia?
What is a characteristic of Broca's aphasia?
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What is the function of the posterior division of Broca's area?
What is the function of the posterior division of Broca's area?
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What is the response induced by grammatical errors in a sentence according to EEG studies?
What is the response induced by grammatical errors in a sentence according to EEG studies?
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What is a characteristic of Wernicke's aphasia?
What is a characteristic of Wernicke's aphasia?
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What is the function of the anterior division of Broca's area?
What is the function of the anterior division of Broca's area?
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What is the primary mechanism by which we transfer ideas from one individual to another?
What is the primary mechanism by which we transfer ideas from one individual to another?
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What is the term for the storage of spoken words in our vocabulary?
What is the term for the storage of spoken words in our vocabulary?
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What is the process by which we match the acoustic form of a spoken word to a stored set of spoken words in our vocabulary?
What is the process by which we match the acoustic form of a spoken word to a stored set of spoken words in our vocabulary?
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What is the term for the point at which the acoustic input unambiguously corresponds to only one known word?
What is the term for the point at which the acoustic input unambiguously corresponds to only one known word?
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What is the name of the model that explains how a single word is recognized?
What is the name of the model that explains how a single word is recognized?
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Which of the following linguistic factors influences word recognition?
Which of the following linguistic factors influences word recognition?
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What is the term for the ability of a word to evoke a mental image?
What is the term for the ability of a word to evoke a mental image?
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Which of the following animals is known to have learned sign language?
Which of the following animals is known to have learned sign language?
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What type of information is retrieved during lexicalization?
What type of information is retrieved during lexicalization?
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What is the term for the substitution of one word for another that reflects the speaker's hidden intentions?
What is the term for the substitution of one word for another that reflects the speaker's hidden intentions?
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What is the term for the speech error in which initial consonants are swapped between words?
What is the term for the speech error in which initial consonants are swapped between words?
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What is the term for the inability to retrieve the correct word even if a person knows, conceptually, the word that they wish to say?
What is the term for the inability to retrieve the correct word even if a person knows, conceptually, the word that they wish to say?
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What is the term for word-finding difficulties due to brain damage?
What is the term for word-finding difficulties due to brain damage?
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What is the final stage of speech?
What is the final stage of speech?
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What is the result of damage to the basal ganglia?
What is the result of damage to the basal ganglia?
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What is the result of damage to the insula?
What is the result of damage to the insula?
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We transfer ideas from one individual to another through written words.
We transfer ideas from one individual to another through written words.
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Alex the parrot learned sign language.
Alex the parrot learned sign language.
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In lexical access, the cohort model suggests that only one word is considered initially.
In lexical access, the cohort model suggests that only one word is considered initially.
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The uniqueness point is the point at which the acoustic input ambiguously corresponds to multiple words.
The uniqueness point is the point at which the acoustic input ambiguously corresponds to multiple words.
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Frequency of a word is a linguistic factor that does not influence word recognition.
Frequency of a word is a linguistic factor that does not influence word recognition.
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Imageability of a word is the ability of a word to evoke a mental calculation.
Imageability of a word is the ability of a word to evoke a mental calculation.
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Washoe learned lexigrams.
Washoe learned lexigrams.
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The phonological lexicon is responsible for the production of speech.
The phonological lexicon is responsible for the production of speech.
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The lexicalization process involves selecting a word based on grammatical properties.
The lexicalization process involves selecting a word based on grammatical properties.
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Spoonerisms involve the substitution of one word for another that reflects the speaker's hidden intentions.
Spoonerisms involve the substitution of one word for another that reflects the speaker's hidden intentions.
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Anomia is a speech error characterized by the inability to retrieve the correct word even if a person knows, conceptually, the word that they wish to say.
Anomia is a speech error characterized by the inability to retrieve the correct word even if a person knows, conceptually, the word that they wish to say.
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The final stage of speech involves lexicalization.
The final stage of speech involves lexicalization.
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Damage to the insula results in dysarthria.
Damage to the insula results in dysarthria.
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Malapropisms involve the substitution of one word for another with a similar phonological form.
Malapropisms involve the substitution of one word for another with a similar phonological form.
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Proper name anomia is a mild speech error.
Proper name anomia is a mild speech error.
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The basal ganglia is associated with the articulation stage of speech.
The basal ganglia is associated with the articulation stage of speech.
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Broca's area is responsible for language comprehension.
Broca's area is responsible for language comprehension.
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Aphasia is a language disorder caused by brain damage in the right hemisphere.
Aphasia is a language disorder caused by brain damage in the right hemisphere.
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N400 response is associated with grammatical errors in a sentence.
N400 response is associated with grammatical errors in a sentence.
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Broca's aphasia patients have trouble with language comprehension.
Broca's aphasia patients have trouble with language comprehension.
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Wernicke's area is located in the frontal lobe.
Wernicke's area is located in the frontal lobe.
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Syntax and semantics are completely independent processes.
Syntax and semantics are completely independent processes.
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P600 response is associated with out-of-context words in a sentence.
P600 response is associated with out-of-context words in a sentence.
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The anterior division of Broca's area is related to syntactic complexity.
The anterior division of Broca's area is related to syntactic complexity.
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Study Notes
Speech and Language
- We transfer ideas from one individual to another through the vibration of molecules in the air, which involves auditory processing, production, perception, and comprehension of speech, and is a social engagement.
- Language is not unique to humans, as some animals, such as Washoe, Kanzi, and golden seabrights, have been observed to possess some form of language.
Speech Production vs Comprehension
- Speech production involves the production of spoken words, while comprehension involves understanding the meaning of spoken words.
Spoken Word Recognition
- We match the acoustic form of spoken words to a stored set of spoken words in our vocabulary, a process called lexical access.
- The storage of spoken words is called the phonological lexicon.
- The matching process involves competition between similar sounding words.
- The access units are debated, but the consensus is that speech recognition involves competition between similar sounding words.
Cohort Model
- In lexical access, many spoken words are initially considered as candidates, but words get eliminated as more evidence accumulates.
- The uniqueness point is reached when the acoustic input unambiguously corresponds to only one known word.
- Time taken to recognize a word depends on how early or late the uniqueness point occurs.
- Linguistic factors that influence recognition include the frequency of a word and its imageability.
Words in Context
- The cohort model explains how a single word is recognized, but words are normally spoken in the context of a discourse.
- EEG studies show that out-of-context words induce a N400 response, while grammatical errors induce a P600 response.
Aphasia
- Aphasia is a disorder of language due to brain damage in the left hemisphere, causing problems in speech perception, speech production, and writing.
Language Specialization
- Broca's patient Leborgne had an inability to speak intelligently, leading Broca to claim a dedicated language center in the brain, known as Broca's area, located in the frontal lobe.
- Damage to Broca's area causes problems with fluent speech and speech production.
- Wernicke claimed an area in the temporal lobe is also dedicated to language, and damage causes difficulties in comprehending language.
Sentence Comprehension
- Words have meaning (semantics) and syntactic roles (grammatical classes such as nouns and verbs).
- Syntax enables the listener to figure out who is doing what to whom.
- Broca's aphasia is related to agrammatism, and patients have trouble when the meaning of a sentence depends on syntax.
Broca's Area
- Broca's area has two functional sub-divisions: the posterior division (BA44) related to syntactic complexity, and the anterior division (BA45) related to working memory and meaning.
- Syntax and semantics are separable but not completely independent, and Broca's area can be viewed as an integration site.
Retrieval of Spoken Words
- When producing speech, three types of information need to be retrieved: lexicalization, grammatical properties, and the form of the word.
Speech Errors
- Freudian slips: the substitution of one word for another that reflects the speaker's hidden intentions.
- Malapropisms: a speech error that consists of a word with a similar phonological form to the intended word.
- Spoonerisms: a speech error in which initial consonants are swapped between words.
- Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon: the inability to retrieve the correct word even if a person knows conceptually the word that they wish to say.
- Anomia: word-finding difficulties due to brain damage, and proper name anomia: severe difficulties in retrieving proper names.
Articulation
- The final stage of speech, associated with basal ganglia and insula.
- Damage to insula results in apraxia for speech, difficulties in shaping the vocal tract.
- Damage to basal ganglia results in dysarthria, impaired muscular contractions.
Speech and Language
- We transfer ideas from one individual to another through the vibration of molecules in the air, which involves auditory processing, production, perception, and comprehension of speech, and is a social engagement.
- Language is not unique to humans, as some animals, such as Washoe, Kanzi, and golden seabrights, have been observed to possess some form of language.
Speech Production vs Comprehension
- Speech production involves the production of spoken words, while comprehension involves understanding the meaning of spoken words.
Spoken Word Recognition
- We match the acoustic form of spoken words to a stored set of spoken words in our vocabulary, a process called lexical access.
- The storage of spoken words is called the phonological lexicon.
- The matching process involves competition between similar sounding words.
- The access units are debated, but the consensus is that speech recognition involves competition between similar sounding words.
Cohort Model
- In lexical access, many spoken words are initially considered as candidates, but words get eliminated as more evidence accumulates.
- The uniqueness point is reached when the acoustic input unambiguously corresponds to only one known word.
- Time taken to recognize a word depends on how early or late the uniqueness point occurs.
- Linguistic factors that influence recognition include the frequency of a word and its imageability.
Words in Context
- The cohort model explains how a single word is recognized, but words are normally spoken in the context of a discourse.
- EEG studies show that out-of-context words induce a N400 response, while grammatical errors induce a P600 response.
Aphasia
- Aphasia is a disorder of language due to brain damage in the left hemisphere, causing problems in speech perception, speech production, and writing.
Language Specialization
- Broca's patient Leborgne had an inability to speak intelligently, leading Broca to claim a dedicated language center in the brain, known as Broca's area, located in the frontal lobe.
- Damage to Broca's area causes problems with fluent speech and speech production.
- Wernicke claimed an area in the temporal lobe is also dedicated to language, and damage causes difficulties in comprehending language.
Sentence Comprehension
- Words have meaning (semantics) and syntactic roles (grammatical classes such as nouns and verbs).
- Syntax enables the listener to figure out who is doing what to whom.
- Broca's aphasia is related to agrammatism, and patients have trouble when the meaning of a sentence depends on syntax.
Broca's Area
- Broca's area has two functional sub-divisions: the posterior division (BA44) related to syntactic complexity, and the anterior division (BA45) related to working memory and meaning.
- Syntax and semantics are separable but not completely independent, and Broca's area can be viewed as an integration site.
Retrieval of Spoken Words
- When producing speech, three types of information need to be retrieved: lexicalization, grammatical properties, and the form of the word.
Speech Errors
- Freudian slips: the substitution of one word for another that reflects the speaker's hidden intentions.
- Malapropisms: a speech error that consists of a word with a similar phonological form to the intended word.
- Spoonerisms: a speech error in which initial consonants are swapped between words.
- Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon: the inability to retrieve the correct word even if a person knows conceptually the word that they wish to say.
- Anomia: word-finding difficulties due to brain damage, and proper name anomia: severe difficulties in retrieving proper names.
Articulation
- The final stage of speech, associated with basal ganglia and insula.
- Damage to insula results in apraxia for speech, difficulties in shaping the vocal tract.
- Damage to basal ganglia results in dysarthria, impaired muscular contractions.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of speech and language, from the production and comprehension of spoken words to the surprising language abilities of some animals.
