chapter 11 medium multiple choice medium tf

Speech and Language

• We transfer ideas from one individual to another through the vibration of molecules in the air, which involves auditory processing, production, perception, and comprehension of speech, and is a social engagement.
• Language is not unique to humans, as some animals, such as Washoe, Kanzi, and golden seabrights, have been observed to possess some form of language.

Speech Production vs Comprehension

• Speech production involves the production of spoken words, while comprehension involves understanding the meaning of spoken words.

Spoken Word Recognition

• We match the acoustic form of spoken words to a stored set of spoken words in our vocabulary, a process called lexical access.
• The storage of spoken words is called the phonological lexicon.
• The matching process involves competition between similar sounding words.
• The access units are debated, but the consensus is that speech recognition involves competition between similar sounding words.

Cohort Model

• In lexical access, many spoken words are initially considered as candidates, but words get eliminated as more evidence accumulates.
• The uniqueness point is reached when the acoustic input unambiguously corresponds to only one known word.
• Time taken to recognize a word depends on how early or late the uniqueness point occurs.
• Linguistic factors that influence recognition include the frequency of a word and its imageability.

Words in Context

• The cohort model explains how a single word is recognized, but words are normally spoken in the context of a discourse.
• EEG studies show that out-of-context words induce a N400 response, while grammatical errors induce a P600 response.

Aphasia

• Aphasia is a disorder of language due to brain damage in the left hemisphere, causing problems in speech perception, speech production, and writing.

Language Specialization

• Broca's patient Leborgne had an inability to speak intelligently, leading Broca to claim a dedicated language center in the brain, known as Broca's area, located in the frontal lobe.
• Damage to Broca's area causes problems with fluent speech and speech production.
• Wernicke claimed an area in the temporal lobe is also dedicated to language, and damage causes difficulties in comprehending language.

Sentence Comprehension

• Words have meaning (semantics) and syntactic roles (grammatical classes such as nouns and verbs).
• Syntax enables the listener to figure out who is doing what to whom.
• Broca's aphasia is related to agrammatism, and patients have trouble when the meaning of a sentence depends on syntax.

Broca's Area

• Broca's area has two functional sub-divisions: the posterior division (BA44) related to syntactic complexity, and the anterior division (BA45) related to working memory and meaning.
• Syntax and semantics are separable but not completely independent, and Broca's area can be viewed as an integration site.

Retrieval of Spoken Words

• When producing speech, three types of information need to be retrieved: lexicalization, grammatical properties, and the form of the word.

Speech Errors

• Freudian slips: the substitution of one word for another that reflects the speaker's hidden intentions.
• Malapropisms: a speech error that consists of a word with a similar phonological form to the intended word.
• Spoonerisms: a speech error in which initial consonants are swapped between words.
• Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon: the inability to retrieve the correct word even if a person knows conceptually the word that they wish to say.
• Anomia: word-finding difficulties due to brain damage, and proper name anomia: severe difficulties in retrieving proper names.

Articulation

• The final stage of speech, associated with basal ganglia and insula.
• Damage to insula results in apraxia for speech, difficulties in shaping the vocal tract.
• Damage to basal ganglia results in dysarthria, impaired muscular contractions.

Speech and Language

• We transfer ideas from one individual to another through the vibration of molecules in the air, which involves auditory processing, production, perception, and comprehension of speech, and is a social engagement.
• Language is not unique to humans, as some animals, such as Washoe, Kanzi, and golden seabrights, have been observed to possess some form of language.

Speech Production vs Comprehension

• Speech production involves the production of spoken words, while comprehension involves understanding the meaning of spoken words.

Spoken Word Recognition

• We match the acoustic form of spoken words to a stored set of spoken words in our vocabulary, a process called lexical access.
• The storage of spoken words is called the phonological lexicon.
• The matching process involves competition between similar sounding words.
• The access units are debated, but the consensus is that speech recognition involves competition between similar sounding words.

Cohort Model

• In lexical access, many spoken words are initially considered as candidates, but words get eliminated as more evidence accumulates.
• The uniqueness point is reached when the acoustic input unambiguously corresponds to only one known word.
• Time taken to recognize a word depends on how early or late the uniqueness point occurs.
• Linguistic factors that influence recognition include the frequency of a word and its imageability.

Words in Context

• The cohort model explains how a single word is recognized, but words are normally spoken in the context of a discourse.
• EEG studies show that out-of-context words induce a N400 response, while grammatical errors induce a P600 response.

Aphasia

• Aphasia is a disorder of language due to brain damage in the left hemisphere, causing problems in speech perception, speech production, and writing.

Language Specialization

• Broca's patient Leborgne had an inability to speak intelligently, leading Broca to claim a dedicated language center in the brain, known as Broca's area, located in the frontal lobe.
• Damage to Broca's area causes problems with fluent speech and speech production.
• Wernicke claimed an area in the temporal lobe is also dedicated to language, and damage causes difficulties in comprehending language.

Sentence Comprehension

• Words have meaning (semantics) and syntactic roles (grammatical classes such as nouns and verbs).
• Syntax enables the listener to figure out who is doing what to whom.
• Broca's aphasia is related to agrammatism, and patients have trouble when the meaning of a sentence depends on syntax.

Broca's Area

• Broca's area has two functional sub-divisions: the posterior division (BA44) related to syntactic complexity, and the anterior division (BA45) related to working memory and meaning.
• Syntax and semantics are separable but not completely independent, and Broca's area can be viewed as an integration site.

Retrieval of Spoken Words

• When producing speech, three types of information need to be retrieved: lexicalization, grammatical properties, and the form of the word.

Speech Errors

• Freudian slips: the substitution of one word for another that reflects the speaker's hidden intentions.
• Malapropisms: a speech error that consists of a word with a similar phonological form to the intended word.
• Spoonerisms: a speech error in which initial consonants are swapped between words.
• Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon: the inability to retrieve the correct word even if a person knows conceptually the word that they wish to say.
• Anomia: word-finding difficulties due to brain damage, and proper name anomia: severe difficulties in retrieving proper names.

Articulation

• The final stage of speech, associated with basal ganglia and insula.
• Damage to insula results in apraxia for speech, difficulties in shaping the vocal tract.
• Damage to basal ganglia results in dysarthria, impaired muscular contractions.