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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the prelinguistic stage in language development?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the prelinguistic stage in language development?
- Vocalizations are primarily reflexive and automatic.
- Infants demonstrate intentional communication using gestures and facial expressions.
- Infants begin to produce babbling, experimenting with different sounds.
- Production of first meaningful words occurs in this stage. (correct)
Which of the following best describes the relationship between articulation and phonology?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between articulation and phonology?
- Articulation is a sub-component of phonology, focusing on the physical production of sounds.
- Phonology is a sub-component of articulation, dealing with the rules governing sound systems.
- Articulation and phonology are distinct but interconnected, with articulation being the physical manifestation of phonological rules. (correct)
- Articulation and phonology are completely separate fields, with no overlap in their focus.
Which of the following phonological errors is NOT typically observed in children's speech development?
Which of the following phonological errors is NOT typically observed in children's speech development?
- Cluster reduction, where two consonants in a cluster are simplified into a single consonant.
- Final consonant deletion, where the final consonant in a word is omitted.
- Substitution of fricatives for stops, where a fricative sound like /s/ is replaced with a stop sound like /t/.
- Consonant harmony, where a consonant sound is changed to match another consonant sound in the same word. (correct)
What is the main difference between phonetic transcription and phonemic transcription?
What is the main difference between phonetic transcription and phonemic transcription?
A child consistently replaces the /r/ sound with a /w/ sound. For example, "rabbit" becomes "wabbit." What is this phonological process called?
A child consistently replaces the /r/ sound with a /w/ sound. For example, "rabbit" becomes "wabbit." What is this phonological process called?
Flashcards
Prosodic Feature
Prosodic Feature
Characteristics of speech that convey meaning beyond words, like intonation and stress.
Prelinguistic Stage
Prelinguistic Stage
The period before a child begins to form meaningful speech, typically until around 12 months.
Speech
Speech
The verbal means of communicating; a production of sounds to convey information.
Phoneme
Phoneme
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Morphophonemic Error
Morphophonemic Error
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Study Notes
Prosodic Features/Suprasegmentals
- Stress and intonation are suprasegmental features
- Prelinguistic stage is from 0-1 years old
- First words in speech emerge between 12-18 months.
What is Speech?
- Speech is a system linking meaning to sound
- Primary and first learned communication modality
- Language is an arbitrary sign system, with rules governing meaning conveyance within a linguistic community.
- Phonemes are smallest units of sound distinguishing meanings.
Morpheme Errors
- A child who never uses pluralizations ("s") is an example.
Syntax
- Ordering of words in sentences
Semantics
- Meaning of words
Articulation
- Affected by syntactic, semantic, and phonological factors.
Organs/Speech Production
- Respiratory System: Lungs, airways, ribcage, diaphragm; crucial for generating sound.
- Phonatory System (Larynx): "Voice box"; cartilage and muscles; produces voiced sounds.
Types of Phonetics
- Experimental Phonetics: development of scientific methods for studying speech sounds
- Articulatory/Physiological Phonetics: Focuses on how speakers produce sounds
- Acoustic Phonetics: Study of sound waves traveling from speaker to listener
- Perceptual Phonetics: Focuses on how listeners perceive speech sounds.
- Applied Phonetics: Practical application in various fields.
Phonetics of Speech Sounds
- Speech sounds' production and acoustic properties studied
- Written symbols represent speech sounds
Consonants
- Place of articulation (location of airflow constriction); manners (degree of closure)
- Voicing (vocal fold vibration); e.g., voiced /b/, voiceless /p/.
Distinctive Features of Vowels
- Articulatory characteristics present (or absent) to differentiate vowels.
Coarticulation
- Influence of sounds on each other in connected speech: anticipatory and retentive
- Assimilation- sounds take on features of surrounding sounds (e.g., key = lips retracted)
- Morphophonemics: a child's language error explained
Phonological Patterns
- Systematic sound changes simplifying speech production(e.g. Deletion, Substitution, Assimilation)
- Hodson describes "disordered phonology".
Articulation vs. Phonology
- Articulation: motor components of speech production.
- Phonology: broader concept including rules and patterns for sound use.
Suprasegmental Features
- Stress, intonation, and loudness add meaning to utterances.
General Stages of Phonological Development
- Stages from prelinguistic to stabilized/ mature phonological systems
Protowords:
- Phonetically consistent forms used by children that don't match adult words. These usually develop between 12-18 months.
First Words
- True words are stable, based on the language community, and progressive. There are regressive forms as well. These should develop beyond the "prelinguistic" phase.
Phonetic Development
- Researchers study phonetic development, observing children's sound productions over time or in cross-sectional studies.
Phonological Awareness
- Spoken recognition, rhythm, and syllable generation are components of phonological awareness. This typically starts developing during kindergarten.
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