80 Questions
What is the definition of perlocutionary acts according to Austin and Searle?
Perlocutionary acts are performed with the intention of producing a further effect on the hearer.
What did Austin and Searle state about linguistic communication?
All linguistic communication involves speech acts.
What are speech acts considered as in linguistic communication?
Speech acts are considered as the basic or minimal units of linguistic communication.
What is negotiation of meaning in an ESL classroom?
Negotiation of meaning is generally defined as conversational modifications or adjustments that take place in interactions when learners and their interlocutors experience difficulty in understanding messages.
What is the purpose of negotiation of meaning in language learning?
The purpose of negotiation of meaning is to clarify meaning to facilitate comprehensible messages, and to lead language learners to greater awareness of their language and to further development of language proficiencies.
What are some strategies used during negotiation of meaning?
Strategies used during negotiation of meaning include comprehension checks, confirmation requests, clarification requests, rephrasing, and repetitions.
How does negotiation of meaning contribute to learners' language development?
Negotiation of meaning contributes to learners' language development by giving them opportunities to receive comprehensible input and produce comprehensible output.
What types of activities promote negotiation of meaning in an English classroom?
Information gap activities such as jigsaw readings or listenings, group story building, spot the difference, problem-solving tasks, information-gap tasks and explaining a picture for a partner to replicate, basically tasks with a requirement for information exchange, are examples of activities that promote negotiation of meaning.
What is the role of the teacher in promoting negotiation of meaning in an English classroom?
The teacher constructs an interactive learning environment with appropriate communication tasks to promote negotiation of meaning.
Why is negotiation of meaning important in language learning?
Negotiation of meaning is important in language learning because it allows learners to develop their communicative competence and to share information effectively.
What is speech act theory and who developed it?
Speech act theory is a theory that explains the social functions of utterances. It was developed by Austin and Searle in the 1960s.
What is the key difference between speech acts and language functions?
The key difference between speech acts and language functions is that speech acts describe the meaning of utterances, while language functions explain why utterances have different meanings, through the dynamic relationship between the elements of communication and their functions.
What are the three different acts that Austin proposed each utterance carries?
The three different acts that Austin proposed each utterance carries are ‘locutionary act’, ‘illocutionary act’, and ‘perlocutionary act’.
What is the ‘locutionary act’?
The ‘locutionary act’ is basically describing what has been said, with clarification of any disambiguation and reference assignment.
What is the ‘illocutionary act’?
The ‘illocutionary act’ is an act that the speaker wishes to perform in saying something. Illocutionary acts are closely connected with speaker’s intentions and are divided into assertives (affirming, boasting, concluding), directives (asking, begging, commanding), commissives (arranging, betting, committing to), expressives (apologizing, criticizing, congratulating) and declarations (appointing, awarding, conceding).
What are the different types of illocutionary acts?
The different types of illocutionary acts are assertives, directives, commissives, expressives and declarations.
What are assertives?
Assertives are illocutionary acts that affirm, boast or conclude something.
What are directives?
Directives are illocutionary acts that ask, beg, or command someone to do something.
What are commissives?
Commissives are illocutionary acts that involve arranging, betting or committing to doing something.
What are expressives?
Expressives are illocutionary acts that involve apologizing, criticizing or congratulating someone.
The basic or minimal units of linguistic communication are ______
speech acts
Perlocutionary acts are performed with the intention of producing a further effect on the ______
hearer
Negotiation of meaning is generally defined as conversational modifications or adjustments that take place in interactions when learners and their ______ experience difficulty in understanding messages
interlocutors
During negotiation of meaning, participants work together to arrive at message comprehension using strategies such as comprehension checks, confirmation requests, clarification requests, ______ and repetitions
rephrasing
Information gap activities such as jigsaw readings or listenings, group story building, spot the difference, problem-solving tasks, information-gap tasks and explaining a picture for a partner to replicate, are examples of activities that give learners the opportunity to develop their communicative competence through negotiation of meaning as they share ______
information
Negotiation of meaning gives language learners opportunities to receive comprehensible input and produce comprehensible ______
output
The process of negotiation of meaning contributes to learners’ ______ development
language
In order to communicate effectively, foreign language learners may employ different communication strategies, ______ of meaning being one of them
negotiation
Negotiation of meaning can be promoted in an English classroom when the teacher constructs an interactive learning environment with appropriate ______ tasks
communication
Speech acts are considered as ______ of linguistic communication according to Austin and Searle
all
According to Austin, each utterance carries three different acts, which he himself coined ‘locutionary act’, ‘illocutionary act’, and ‘perlocutionary act’.
The ‘illocutionary act’ is an act that the speaker wishes to ________ in saying something.
perform
Illocutionary acts are closely connected with speaker’s intentions and are divided into ____________ (affirming, boasting, concluding), directives (asking, begging, commanding), commissives (arranging, betting, committing to), expressives (apologising, criticising, congratulating) and declarations (appointing, awarding, conceding).
assertives
‘Locutionary act’ is basically describing what has been said, with clarification of any disambiguation and ____________ assignment.
reference
Austin believed that we use language to ‘perform’ a wide range of actions, and proposed that each utterance carries three different acts, which he himself coined ‘locutionary act’, ‘illocutionary act’, and ‘____________ act’
perlocutionary
Austin believed that besides the use of language as to make statement of facts, or purely to describe or report some aspect of the world, we use language to ‘_____________’ a wide range of actions.
perform
Speech act theory was developed by Austin and _____________ in the 1960s.
Searle
One key difference between speech acts and language functions is that the former describes the meaning of utterances, while the latter also explains why utterances have different meanings, through the dynamic relationship between the elements of communication and their _____________.
functions
Illocutionary acts are closely connected with speaker’s intentions and are divided into assertives, ____________ (asking, begging, commanding), commissives (arranging, betting, committing to), expressives (apologising, criticising, congratulating) and declarations (appointing, awarding, conceding).
directives
Austin believed that each utterance carries three different acts, which he himself coined ‘_____________ act’, ‘illocutionary act’, and ‘perlocutionary act’.
locutionary
Perlocutionary acts are the minimal units of linguistic communication.
False
Negotiation of meaning only occurs in ESL classrooms.
False
Negotiation of meaning contributes to learners' language development because it allows for greater awareness of language and facilitates comprehensible messages.
True
Confirmation requests are a strategy used during negotiation of meaning.
True
Information gap activities do not promote negotiation of meaning.
False
Austin and Searle believed that all linguistic communication involves speech acts.
True
Expressives are a type of illocutionary act.
True
Declarations are a type of commissive.
False
During negotiation of meaning, participants work against each other to arrive at message comprehension.
False
Negotiation of meaning can be promoted in an English classroom through appropriate communication tasks.
True
Speech act theory was developed by Austin and Searle in the 1970s.
False
Speech acts and language functions describe the same concept.
False
The dynamic relationship between the elements of communication and their functions is explained by speech act theory.
True
According to Austin, each utterance carries two different acts.
False
Illocutionary acts are not connected with speaker's intentions.
False
Perlocutionary acts are the same as illocutionary acts.
False
Expressives include actions such as apologizing and criticizing.
True
Declarations include actions such as arranging and committing to.
False
The key difference between speech acts and language functions is that the former describes the meaning of utterances, while the latter explains why utterances have different meanings.
True
Austin coined the terms 'locutionary act', 'illocutionary act', and 'perlocutionary act'.
True
What is the difference between speech acts and language functions?
Speech acts describe the meaning of utterances, while language functions explain why utterances have different meanings.
What are the three types of acts that Austin proposed each utterance carries?
Locutionary act, illocutionary act, perlocutionary act
Which of the following is NOT a type of illocutionary act?
Declarations
What is the definition of perlocutionary act according to Austin?
The effect an utterance has on the listener
What is the purpose of negotiation of meaning in language learning?
To develop communicative competence
What did Austin believe about the use of language?
We use language to perform a wide range of actions
What are some examples of activities that promote negotiation of meaning in an English classroom?
Jigsaw readings, group story building, spot the difference, problem-solving tasks
What are speech acts considered as in linguistic communication according to Austin and Searle?
Performative
What is the 'locutionary act'?
Describing what has been said, with clarification of any disambiguation and reference assignment
What are expressives?
Actions such as apologizing and criticizing
What is negotiation of meaning in the context of language learning?
The process of modifying or adjusting messages to facilitate comprehension
What are some examples of activities that promote negotiation of meaning in language learning?
Group story building
What is the role of negotiation of meaning in language development?
It leads to greater awareness of language and further development of language proficiencies
What is the definition of perlocutionary acts according to Austin's speech act theory?
The intention of producing a further effect on the hearer
What is the relationship between speech acts and linguistic communication according to Austin and Searle?
All linguistic communication involves speech acts
What are some strategies used during negotiation of meaning?
Comprehension checks and clarification requests
What is the definition of illocutionary acts according to Austin's speech act theory?
The illocutionary force of the utterance
What is the definition of expressives according to Austin's speech act theory?
The speaker's expression of emotion or attitude
What are some examples of information gap activities that promote negotiation of meaning?
Group story building
What is the definition of commissives according to Austin's speech act theory?
The speaker's commitment to future action
Study Notes
Speech Act Theory
- Speech acts are considered as units of linguistic communication according to Austin and Searle.
- Austin and Searle stated that linguistic communication involves speech acts, which are used to perform a wide range of actions.
Types of Acts
- Austin proposed that each utterance carries three different acts:
- Locutionary act: describes what has been said, with clarification of any disambiguation and reference assignment.
- Illocutionary act: an act that the speaker wishes to achieve in saying something, closely connected with speaker's intentions.
- Perlocutionary act: performed with the intention of producing a further effect on the listener.
Illocutionary Acts
- Illocutionary acts are divided into:
- Assertives: affirming, boasting, concluding.
- Directives: asking, begging, commanding.
- Commissives: arranging, betting, committing to.
- Expressives: apologising, criticising, congratulating.
- Declarations: appointing, awarding, conceding.
Negotiation of Meaning
- Negotiation of meaning is generally defined as conversational modifications or adjustments that take place in interactions when learners and their interlocutors experience difficulty in understanding messages.
- The purpose of negotiation of meaning in language learning is to allow learners to receive comprehensible input and produce comprehensible output.
- Negotiation of meaning contributes to learners' language development because it allows for greater awareness of language and facilitates comprehensible messages.
Strategies for Negotiation of Meaning
- Strategies used during negotiation of meaning include:
- Comprehension checks
- Confirmation requests
- Clarification requests
- Repetitions
Activities that Promote Negotiation of Meaning
- Information gap activities such as:
- Jigsaw readings or listenings
- Group story building
- Spot the difference
- Problem-solving tasks
- Information-gap tasks
- Explaining a picture for a partner to replicate
- These activities give learners the opportunity to develop their communicative competence through negotiation of meaning as they share information.
Role of the Teacher
- The teacher can promote negotiation of meaning in an English classroom by constructing an interactive learning environment with appropriate communication tasks.
Test your knowledge on speech act theory and its key concepts with this quiz. Explore the differences between speech acts and language functions and understand the meaning of utterances. Keywords: speech act theory, Austin, Searle, meaning, utterances.
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