Specimen Quality and Lab Procedures Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which action should be taken if a specimen is of poor quality?

  • The specimen must be rejected. (correct)
  • The specimen should be processed with caution.
  • The specimen can be reported with notes on quality.
  • The specimen should be given another chance.

    • What is the preferred type of specimen for laboratory analysis?

  • A whole specimen. (correct)
  • A swab from a specimen.
  • A random sample from the patient's surroundings.
  • A composite of multiple specimens.

    • Which of the following best describes the importance of accurate specimen labeling?

  • It is unnecessary if the specimen is of high quality.
  • It facilitates proper tracking and identification. (correct)
  • It ensures timely administration of treatment.
  • It is only important for specimens sent to external labs.

    • When should specimen collection ideally occur in relation to antibiotic administration?

    <p>Before administration of antibiotics whenever possible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is responsible for setting technical policy in the laboratory?

    <p>The laboratory personnel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for daptomycin?

    <p>Disrupts the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following infections should not be treated with linezolid due to its associated risks?

    <p>Catheter-related infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria is tigecycline effective against?

    <p>Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major side effect is associated with daptomycin?

    <p>Myopathies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding linezolid is correct?

    <p>It is effective against Gram-negative organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Enterococcus species is most likely to carry the vanA and vanB genes?

    <p>E.faecalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the intrinsic resistance of enterococci having vanC genes?

    <p>They are not transferable between organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding the screening of vancomycin resistant enterococci?

    <p>Preliminary tests can indicate if further testing is required.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Enterococcus species is characterized by yellow-orange pigment production?

    <p>E.casseliflavus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Enterococcus species is accurate?

    <p>E.gallinarum and E.casseliflavus can ferment arabinose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) in bacteria?

    <p>Building the bacterial cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria typically demonstrates altered target resistance through the mecA gene?

    <p>Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the effect of losing some penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) in bacteria?

    <p>Can be lethal or non-lethal depending on the PBP lost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is vancomycin resistance typically characterized in Enterococcus spp.?

    <p>Inducible resistance mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Resistance to beta-lactam agents in S. pneumoniae requires what kind of alteration?

    <p>Several successive alterations in essential PBPs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common mechanism of resistance in Gram-negative bacteria towards β-lactam antibiotics?

    <p>Production of β-lactamase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial species shows rare instances of altered PBPs as a resistance mechanism?

    <p>Pseudomonas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term ORSA refer to?

    <p>Oxacillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do β-lactamase inhibitors play in antibiotic treatment?

    <p>They prevent the cleavage of the β-lactam ring by β-lactamases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of β-lactamases requires divalent zinc ions for hydrolysis?

    <p>Class B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction of Group 1 β-lactamases according to the Bush system?

    <p>They hydrolyze cephalosporins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following combinations includes a β-lactam antibiotic paired with a β-lactamase inhibitor?

    <p>Piperacillin/Tazobactam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) primarily associated with?

    <p>Resistance to cephalosporins and monobactams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which β-lactamase classification system is based on molecular structure?

    <p>Ambler system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Class A and D β-lactamases in the Ambler system?

    <p>They utilize serine for β-lactam hydrolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the use of β-lactamase inhibitor drugs?

    <p>They allow the β-lactam antibiotics to remain effective against resistant bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What testing method is used for detecting oxacillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus?

    <p>MHA with 4% NaCl and 6 µg/mL oxacillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For mecA-mediated oxacillin resistance testing in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), which method should be utilized?

    <p>Cefoxitin disk diffusion method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding oxacillin testing for Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS)?

    <p>Different incubation times are required compared to S.aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of MHA with 2% NaCl in staphylococci testing?

    <p>It is used for testing all staphylococci for oxacillin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the agar dilution screen method not applicable to CoNS for oxacillin resistance testing?

    <p>The breakpoints for CoNS are different from S.aureus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional antibiotics might be tested and reported for CoNS?

    <p>Vancomycin, erythromycin, and tetracycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In interpreting oxacillin susceptibility for CoNS, what is considered resistant?

    <p>Zone diameter &lt; 20 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes the major limitation of the oxacillin resistance testing for S.lugdenensis?

    <p>Testing methodologies differ from S.aureus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the incubation period for the nitrocefin method?

    <p>Incubation can vary from 5 to 15 minutes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which types of organisms are exceptions for direct β-lactamase testing in Gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates a non-β-lactamase producing isolate in enterococci?

    <p>Predictable susceptibility to ampicillin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which location do Gram-negative β-lactamases exist?

    <p>In the periplasmic space of the cell wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of β-lactamases complicates their detection in standard antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) methods?

    <p>They can be both constitutive and inducible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the reaction for Gram-negative β-lactamase testing almost immediate?

    <p>They are held within the cell, leading to a rapid change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of β-lactamases concerning their encoding?

    <p>They can be either chromosomal or plasmid encoded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the resistance/susceptibility patterns in the antibiogram is true?

    <p>They are helpful clues for detecting β-lactamase production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Specimen Quality and Lab Procedures

    • Poor-quality specimens must be rejected.
    • Labs should not be required to report all growth.
    • Careful specimen collection is needed in sites with normal microbial populations.
    • Whole specimens (not swabs), are preferred.
    • Labs must adhere to their procedure manuals to avoid legal issues.
    • Collect specimens before antibiotic administration if possible.
    • Susceptibility testing should only be done on medically important microorganisms.
    • Lab results need to be accurate, meaningful, and clinically relevant.
    • Labs establish technical policy; medical staff do not.
    • Specimens must be labeled completely and accurately.
    • Specimen quality directly affects the accuracy of results.

    Quality Specimen Characteristics

    • Proper collection methods are crucial, including patient-collected specimens.
    • Accurate and complete labeling is required.
    • Specimens must be suitable for the intended analysis (sufficient volume).
    • Contamination issues need careful consideration.
    • Correct preservation, storage and transportation are critical.

    Lab Responsibilities

    • Lab personnel should be aware of potential problems that can affect results, even if all pre-examination steps aren't verifiable.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the best practices for specimen collection and laboratory procedures. This quiz covers essential topics such as the importance of specimen quality, labeling accuracy, and adherence to technical policies in the lab. Perfect for students and professionals in the medical and laboratory fields.

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