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Questions and Answers
A population of frogs in a pond can successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring. According to which species concept would these frogs be classified as a single species?
A population of frogs in a pond can successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring. According to which species concept would these frogs be classified as a single species?
Biological Species Concept
Why might the morphological species concept be less reliable when classifying species that exhibit convergent evolution?
Why might the morphological species concept be less reliable when classifying species that exhibit convergent evolution?
Species that exhibit convergent evolution may look similar due to similar environmental pressures, even though they are not closely related. This can lead to misclassification.
What is a primary limitation of using the phylogenetic species concept in classifying organisms, particularly in less-studied groups?
What is a primary limitation of using the phylogenetic species concept in classifying organisms, particularly in less-studied groups?
It requires extensive genetic data, which may not be available for all organisms, especially those that are rare or difficult to sample.
Arrange these taxonomic categories from most broad to most specific: Genus, Family, Class, Domain
Arrange these taxonomic categories from most broad to most specific: Genus, Family, Class, Domain
Why is it important to use a standardized system like binomial nomenclature when describing a newly discovered species?
Why is it important to use a standardized system like binomial nomenclature when describing a newly discovered species?
How could you use the mnemonic 'Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup' to remember the order of classification?
How could you use the mnemonic 'Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup' to remember the order of classification?
In what situation would using a dichotomous key be more efficient than comparing an unknown organism to a large database of species descriptions?
In what situation would using a dichotomous key be more efficient than comparing an unknown organism to a large database of species descriptions?
When using a dichotomous key, you encounter a statement that says, 'Wings present' or 'Wings absent'. After choosing 'Wings present', what is your next step?
When using a dichotomous key, you encounter a statement that says, 'Wings present' or 'Wings absent'. After choosing 'Wings present', what is your next step?
If two species branch off from a recent common node on a cladogram, what does this indicate about their evolutionary relationship?
If two species branch off from a recent common node on a cladogram, what does this indicate about their evolutionary relationship?
How might a decrease in biodiversity within an ecosystem affect its ability to recover from a natural disaster, such as a flood or wildfire?
How might a decrease in biodiversity within an ecosystem affect its ability to recover from a natural disaster, such as a flood or wildfire?
Flashcards
Biological Species Concept
Biological Species Concept
Species are organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring, useful for animals.
Morphological Species Concept
Morphological Species Concept
Species are based on structural similarities, useful for fossils but subjective.
Phylogenetic Species Concept
Phylogenetic Species Concept
Species are the smallest group sharing a common ancestor, based on DNA analysis.
Classification Hierarchy
Classification Hierarchy
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Binomial Nomenclature
Binomial Nomenclature
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Dichotomous Keys
Dichotomous Keys
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Cladograms
Cladograms
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Biodiversity
Biodiversity
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Genetic Diversity
Genetic Diversity
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Lytic vs. Lysogenic Cycles
Lytic vs. Lysogenic Cycles
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Study Notes
- Study notes are below
Biological Species Concept
- Groups of organisms can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
- Particularly useful for animals and provides clear classification criteria
Morphological Species Concept
- Based on structural similarities
- Useful for classifying fossils and extinct species
- Can be subjective as look-alikes may not belong to the same species
Phylogenetic Species Concept
- Smallest group shares a common ancestor, based on DNA analysis
- Very accurate but requires advanced genetic testing
Classification Hierarchy
- Structed from broad to specific categories
- Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species, becoming more specific moving down the hierarchy
Binomial Nomenclature
- Naming system for species with two parts
- Genus (capitalized
- Species (lowercase, italicized or underlined when handwritten)
- Developed by Carl Linnaeus
Classification Hierarchy Mnemonic
- 'Dear King Philip, Come Over For Good Soup!' Helps to remember the order of classification categories from Domain to Species
Dichotomous Keys
- Tools used to identify organisms through step-by-step choices
- Leads to a single correct organism identification
Using Dichotomous Keys
- Start with a question about the organism (e.g., 'Does it have fur?')
- Follow the path based on the answer, until the identification of the organism
Cladograms
- Show evolutionary relationships using shared traits
- Organisms closer on the tree are more related, indicating a common ancestor
Biodiversity
- Variety of life in an ecosystem
- Includes genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity
- Crucial for ecosystem stability and resilience
Genetic Diversity
- Variety within a species (e.g., different dog breeds)
- Important for the adaptability and survival of species
Deforestation Impact on Ecosystems
- Destroys habitats, leading to a decrease in the number of species in an ecosystem
- Negatively affects overall biodiversity
Virus Life Cycle
- Lytic Cycle: Virus copies itself quickly and destroys the host cell
- Lysogenic cycle: Viral DNA hides in the host and activates later
Miller-Urey Experiment
- Simulated early Earth conditions and successfully produced amino acids
- Amino acids are the building blocks of life
Types of Vaccines
- Live attenuated (weakened virus)
- Inactivated (dead virus)
- mRNA vaccines (trigger an immune response)
RNA World Hypothesis
- Suggests RNA was the first genetic material, predating DNA
- Indicates a simpler form of life before more complex organisms evolved
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
- Prokaryotes: Lack a nucleus and organelles, generally small, examples include bacteria
- Eukaryotes: Have a nucleus and organelles, larger in size, and include plants and animals
Endosymbiosis Theory
- Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent bacteria absorbed by a larger cell
- Led to the evolution of eukaryotic cells
Archaea vs. Eubacteria
- Archaea: Thrive in extreme environments, do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls
- Eubacteria: Found in normal environments, have peptidoglycan in their cell walls
Prokaryotic Reproduction
- Reproduce through binary fission, a form of asexual reproduction
- Can exchange DNA through conjugation
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