29 Questions
What type of cells are osteoprogenitor cells?
Undifferentiated bone cells
Which type of ossification involves the development of osteoid and osteoblasts?
Intramembranous Ossification
What is the main function of osteocytes?
Calcium release from bones to blood
Which substance contributes to the hardness of bones?
Calcium
What is the main role of osteoclasts in bone development?
Bone resorption
Which is a function of bones according to the text?
Storage of minerals like calcium
What type of cartilage is known for its flexibility and yellowish appearance?
Elastic Cartilage
Which type of cartilage serves as a transitory structure between dense fibrous connective tissue and hyaline cartilage?
Fibrocartilage
Which type of hyaline cartilage is found in articulating surfaces and allows joints to move smoothly against one another?
Articular Hyaline Cartilage
Which type of cartilage is very cellular and found in the skeletal system of developing embryos, except for flat bones of the skull and face?
Fetal Cartilage
What type of cartilage is composed of elastic fibers and is rich in elastin?
Elastic Cartilage
Which type of cartilage is found in the external ear, eustachian tube, epiglottis, and walls of the external auditory canal?
Elastic Cartilage
Which type of ossification results in the formation of bones of the skull?
Intramembranous ossification
What is the role of canaliculi in compact bones?
Transporting nutrients and waste products
Where are spongy bones found in long bones?
Epiphysis
What type of cartilage cells proliferate, enlarge, and die during endochondral ossification?
Hypertrophic chondrocytes
Which type of bone is found in the shaft of long bones and appears as a solid mass?
Compact bone
Which type of cells are responsible for forming bone matrix during ossification?
Osteoblasts
What type of bones have very thin lamellae which are not penetrated by blood vessels and do not have a Haversian system?
Flat bones
What is the function of synovial fluid?
Acts as a lubricant, comes from plasma, and has a higher concentration of hyaluronan
Which type of joints permit very limited movements or no movement at all?
Synostoses
Which cells are responsible for producing hyaluronan and extracellular components in the synovial membrane?
Fibroblastic in synovial cells
Where are synostoses found in the body?
Posterior region of the sacro-iliac joints
What is the role of Macrophage-like synovial cells or type A cells?
Remove wear-and-tear debris from synovial fluid and regulate inflammation
In which type of joints is the joint cavity sealed and contains synovial fluid?
Diarthroses
Where does hyaluronan come from in the joint cavity?
Fibroblastic in synovial cells
Which joints are covered and held together firmly by connective tissues?
Synarthroses
Apart from producing hyaluronan, what other function do Fibroblastic in synovial cells serve?
Supply oxygen and nutrients to the articular cartilage
Where are symphyses found in the body?
Pubic symphysis
Study Notes
Bone Development
- Osteogenesis is the process of bone development, which can occur through two main processes:
- Intramembranous ossification: development of osteoblasts, leading to the formation of osteoid
- Endochondral ossification: pre-existing hyaline cartilage matrix is formed, followed by the development of osteoblasts
Composition of Bone Matrix
- Organic substances: composed of collagen, chondroitin sulfate, and protein polysaccharide
- Inorganic substances: hardness of the bone depends on the presence of calcium, magnesium, and sodium
Types of Bone Cells
- Osteoprogenitor cells: undifferentiated bone cells with the capacity for mitosis
- Osteoblasts: responsible for the formation of bone matrix and collagen fibers
- Osteocytes: principal cells of fully formed bone, enclosed in a lacuna, and play an active role in releasing calcium from bones to blood
- Osteoclasts: giant multinucleated cells responsible for bone resorption
Functions of Bones
- Provides support and framework to the body
- Protects vital organs
- Stores minerals such as calcium
- Encloses bone marrow, responsible for the production of blood cells
- Attachment of muscles and tendons
Classification of Bones
- According to development:
- Membranous bones (e.g., bones of the skull)
- Cartilagenous bones (e.g., long bones of the limbs)
- According to histological structure:
- Compact bones (found in the outer surface of all bones, shaft of diaphysis of long bones)
- Spongy or cancellous bones (found in epiphysis of long bones, flat bones of the skull and face)
Cartilage
- Solid but pliable matrix
- Composed of cartilage cells (chondrocytes) responsible for producing collagen and chondromucoprotein
- Functions:
- Provides support for soft tissue
- Essential for development of long bones
- Facilitates joint movement
Types of Cartilage
- Elastic cartilage: composed of elastic fibers, yellowish in fresh preparation, avascular, and found in external ear, eustachian tube, and epiglottis
- Fibrocartilage: has no perichondrium, fibers are collagenous, and found in intervertebral disks and symphysis pubis
- Hyaline cartilage: most common type, with abundant cell families, contains perichondrium, and found in respiratory system, articular cartilage, and fetal cartilage
Joints
- Found in areas of adjacent bones, covered and held together by connective tissues
- Classification of joints:
- Synarthroses: permits very limited movement or no movement at all, can be subdivided into cartilagenous and fibrous joints
- Diarthroses: permits bone to move freely, maintained by ligaments and capsule of dense connective tissue
Learn about the composition, function, and characteristics of specialized connective tissue called cartilage. Explore the roles of chondrocytes, collagen, and chondromucoprotein in the solid but pliable matrix of cartilage.
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