Specialized Cell Structures in Animals

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of microvilli?

Provide motility to the cell

Increase surface area for absorption of nutrients (correct)

Detect sounds from the environment

Prevent leakage of substances

Which structure is primarily responsible for preventing dirt from entering the lungs?

Microvilli

Flagella

Stereocilia

Cilia (correct)

Which type of cell junction provides mechanical strength to tissues under stress?

Desmosomes (correct)

Adherens Junctions

Tight Junctions

Gap Junctions

What role do basal infoldings play in epithelial cells?

Increase surface area for ion and fluid transport Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of hemidesmosomes in epithelial tissue?

Provide protection and structural support Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of sperm cells?

To carry genetic material to the egg Signup and view all the answers

Which two layers compose the structure of egg cells?

Zona Pellucida and Corona Radiata Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of microvilli?

Absorbing nutrients Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissues are meristematic tissues in plants?

Found in growing areas of plants Signup and view all the answers

Which structure protects the growing tip of a plant?

Root cap Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the cilia in the lungs?

To move mucus, bacteria, and dirt out of the lungs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cell types helps to fight parasites?

Eosinophils Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of root hairs in plants?

To increase surface area for water absorption Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is primarily responsible for the transportation of essential substances in plants?

Xylem and Phloem Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of epithelial tissue?

To form the inner and outer lining of organs and surfaces Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of microvilli in the digestive system?

To increase surface area for absorption Signup and view all the answers

Which plant structure provides protection against extreme temperatures and herbivore attacks?

Trichomes Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of mesophyll cells found in plant leaves?

Palisade and Spongy Cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the apical meristem in plants?

Responsible for the primary growth and height of the plant Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is located at the tip of the root and protects it as it grows downward?

Root cap Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell is responsible for the gritty texture in certain fruits?

Sclereids Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the guard cells?

Control gas exchange through stomata Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lateral meristem gives rise to cork cells?

Cork cambium Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes permanent tissues from meristematic tissues?

Permanent tissues have lost the ability to divide Signup and view all the answers

Which type of permanent tissue consists of a single type of cell performing a specific function?

Simple permanent tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the vascular cambium?

Gives rise to secondary xylem and phloem Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle is under voluntary control?

Skeletal Muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which type of nervous tissue cell is responsible for the production of myelin sheath?

Oligodendrocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of blood?

Transport substances, immune response, and blood clotting Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs such as the intestines and stomach?

Smooth Muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurons is characterized by having one process that branches into two?

Bipolar Neuron Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective cell in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) surrounds the cell bodies of neurons?

Satellite Cells Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes cardiac muscle tissue?

Uninucleated, striated, and involuntary Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells serve as the first line of defense and can transform into phagocytic macrophages?

Microglial Cells Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Specialized Cell and Cell Structures in ANIMALS

Microvilli increase surface area for the absorption of nutrients, found in the small intestine, kidney, egg cells, and white blood cells.
Cilia prevent dirt from entering the lungs, found in the respiratory tract (ex. nose).
Stereocillia detect sounds from the environment, found in the inner ear.
Flagella provide motility to the cell (ex. sperm cell).
Basal Infoldings increase surface area for ion and fluid transport, found at the basement membrane of epithelial cells.
Hemidesmosomes provide protection and structural support to the underlying cells, found at the basement membrane of epithelial cells.
Cell junctions connect adjacent cells, found in epithelial cells.
- Tight Junctions prevent leakage of substances.
- Adherens Junctions connect adjacent cells and help maintain tissue structure.
- Desmosomes connect adjacent cells and provide mechanical strength to tissues under stress.
- Gap Junctions serve as channels for ions, water, and other essential substances.
Red Blood Cells are biconcave to aid in the diffusion of gases, lack a nucleus to provide space for hemoglobin, and lack mitochondria.
White Blood Cells are responsible for the body's defenses and can be either granulocytes or agranulocytes.
- Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that help fight parasites.
Egg cells are the largest cells in the human body and are necessary for sexual reproduction.

Specialized Cell and Cell Structures in PLANTS

Trichomes protect plants from extreme temperatures, insects, and herbivore attacks, they are epidermal outgrowths.
Root Hairs increase surface area for the absorption of water.
Mesophyll Cells are primarily responsible for photosynthesis and are made up of palisade cells and spongy cells.
Xylem and Phloem are tissues responsible for transporting essential substances (like water, minerals, and food) throughout the plant.

PLANT CELLS

Meristematic tissues --helps the plant increase in length or vertical growth
-are found in the growing areas of plants.
Permanent tissues -- providing support, protection as well as in photosynthesis and conduction of water, minerals, and nutrients
-are composed of non-dividing cells.
Cuticle prevents loss of water and invasion of disease-causing microorganisms.
Epidermis covers the whole body of nonwoody and young woody plants.
Root hairs help in increasing the absorption capacity of roots.
Trichomes are responsible for protecting the plants from water loss.

PARTS OF PLANT ROOT TIP

Protoderm gives rise to epidermis.
Ground Meristem develops into the pith and the cortex.
Procambium forms cambium and primary vascular tissues.
Apical Meristem occurs at the growing shoot and root tips.
Root cap protects the growing tip in plants.
Protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium are the derivatives of the apical meristem.
Tracheids are thin and elongated cells where water passes through.
Vessel Elements have perforated plates that allow the transport of water through the vessels.
Apical Meristem is responsible for the primary growth of the plant and is located at the tip of the shoot and root.
- The Terminal bud is located at the tip of the shoot system and helps the plant grow taller or longer.
- The Root Apical Meristem (RAM) is located at the tip of the root and is responsible for extending downwards.
- The Root cap protects the roots as it pushes downward.
Stomata allow the exchange of gases, and guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata.
Sclerenchyma cells include:
- Sclereids which are responsible for the gritty-textured flesh of some fruits.
- Fibers are commercially used to make rope and flax fibers.
Parenchyma have thin walls and help with important tasks like storing food, water, and air.
Ground Tissues are also called fundamental Tissues because their functions are essential for the growth and development of plants.
Collenchyma provides furnishing flexible support to immature parts of plants.
Lateral meristem is responsible for the secondary growth of the plants, helps in the thickness structure of the plant to stabilize its growing position.
Two types of Lateral Meristem:
- Cork Cambium gives rise to cork cells which replaces the epidermis of the plants once they mature. It produces the bark of a woody plant.
- Vascular Cambium gives rise to secondary xylem and phloem. Secondary xylem gives rise to wood. It is also responsible for the increasing diameter of the stem and roots of the plant.
Permanent tissues are formed or made by meristematic tissues that have lost the ability to divide. They are permanently fixed in their position.
Two Types of Permanent Tissues:
- Simple permanent tissues are composed of one kind of cell that performs the same function.

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Description

Explore the various specialized cell structures found in animals, including microvilli, cilia, and flagella. This quiz covers their functions and locations within different types of cells and tissues. Test your knowledge on how these structures contribute to cellular functions and overall organism health.